超长混凝土框架温度(收缩)作用实用简化计算研究

焦彬如¹　郭昌生¹　赵锡钱^1，2　杨军³
（1. 浙江大学宁波理工学院，浙江宁波315100；2.南昌大学，江西南昌 330029；
3.杭州市城建设计研究院，浙江杭州310024）

摘要：旨在论述超长混凝土框架结构温度（及混凝土收缩）应力的计算原理及其实用简化计算方法。以往大多把钢筋混凝土框架视为弹性体的计算方法既不正确，又会给出过大的温度（收缩）应力（内力）值，以致不得不加大柱截面尺寸，但截面加大后又将进一步增大温度（收缩）应力……，.如此往复，产生难以破解的矛盾。正确计算框架结构温度（收缩）应力应充分考虑钢筋混凝土框架柱列所具有不同的弹塑性性质。但在温度（收缩）变形作用下，却难以确定各框架柱柱列所具有的不同弹塑性抗侧移刚度。本文计算的特点在于提出了框架柱柱列不同抗侧移刚度的确定方法，并导得了温度（收缩）应力（内力）的简化计算公式，由此还提供了确定超长框架总长度的控制验算方法。工程应用表明，该计算方法快捷而简明，经济而有效，在确定超长结构方案时尤为适用。
关键词：钢筋混凝土结构；超长混凝土框架结构；弹塑性截面刚度；温度应力计算

On a simplified and practical computational method of analysis for ultra-long reinforced concrete frames under thermal and shrinkage stresses

Jiao Binru¹　Guo Changsheng¹Zhao Xiqian^1，2　Yang Jun³
（1. Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China；
2. Nanchang University, Nanchang 330046, China；
3. Hangzhou Design and Research Institute of Urban Construction, Hangzhou 310024, China）

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the thermal and shrinkage stress computational principle and a simplified method of stress analysis for ultra-long concrete frames. Usually, the computational method of concrete frames is regarded the same as that of an elastic structure, which was incorrect and the analysis results appeared to be overestimated. As a result, the cross section of a column must be increased which will, in return, lead to higher stresses in the structure. Instead, the elastoplastic characteristic of reinforced concrete materials should be taken into consideration while calculating the thermal and shrinkage stresses of columns. However, it is generally difficult to determine the elastoplastic lateral stiffness of concrete frame columns under the action of thermal and shrinkage stresses. The computational method in this paper is as the following:(1)mathematical formulation on various elastoplastic lateral stiffnesses of concrete frame columns is presented; (2)then a simplified computational method of thermal and shrinkage stresses is deduced; (3) a computation formula for controlling the total length of ultra-long framework is also included. Application of the methodology to engineering problems has shown that the computational method proposed is concise and effective, especially for determining the deflections and stresses of ultra-long concrete frames.
Keywords: reinforced concrete；extra-long concrete frame；elastic-plastic section stiffness；calculation of thermal stress
E-mail: gcs@nit.zju.edu.cn

混凝土内钢筋锈蚀层发展和锈蚀量分布模型研究

袁迎曙　姬永生　牟艳君
（中国矿业大学，江苏徐州221008）

摘要：从研究钢筋锈蚀物膨胀对钢筋/混凝土界面区构造的影响着手，通过对锈蚀层形成、发展及其细观构造的研究，揭示混凝土内钢筋锈蚀量分布规律；在钢筋锈胀开裂前，钢筋锈蚀量基本分布在面向混凝土保护层一侧的钢筋半圆周上，离混凝土保护层最近处锈蚀量最大，离保护层表面距离越远，锈蚀量越小；其锈蚀量在其半圆周上呈半椭圆形分布。钢筋锈胀开裂初期，钢筋锈蚀逐渐向背向混凝土保护层一侧发展，在背向保护层一侧的钢筋锈蚀量分布被假定为均匀分布，和面向混凝土保护层一侧的最小锈蚀量衔接。
关键词： 混凝土；钢筋；锈蚀层；锈蚀量；锈胀开裂

Propagation and model of distribution for corrosion of steel bars in concrete

Yuan Yingshu   Ji Yongsheng   Mu Yanjun
(China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou221008, China)

Abstract: Predicting concrete cracking due to corrosion of steel bars is an important issue for the durability of reinforced concrete structures. At present, an assumption of uniform corrosion distribution along the perimeter of the steel bar has been adopted for analyzing the effect of corrosion expansion. This is due to the lack of the research on corrosion distribution of steel bars in concrete. In this study, the propagation of the corrosion layer and its microstructure is revealed. Before corrosion-induced cracking occurs, the corrosion of steel bars is mainly on the side facing the concrete cover, maximum corrosion occurs at the nearest point from the concrete cover, and the corrosion level is lower for the part of bar surface away from the concrete cover. Corrosion mainly occurs at the half circumferential perimeter of the steel bar facing the concrete cover, with the shape being a half ellipse. After corrosion cracking, the corrosion propagates from the side facing the concrete cover deeper into the concrete cover. Uniform corrosion distribution is observed on the bar surface away from the concrete cover.
Keywords: concrete；steel bar；corrosion layer；corrosion distribution；corrosion cracking
E-mail: ysyuan@cumt.edu.cn

低周反复荷载下型钢高强混凝土柱受力性能试验研究

李俊华¹　王新堂¹　薛建阳²　赵鸿铁²
（1. 宁波大学，浙江宁波 315211；2. 西安建筑科技大学，陕西西安710055）

摘要：通过20个混凝土强度为65.3～84.9 MPa的型钢高强混凝土柱的低周反复加载试验，研究型钢高强混凝土柱在压、弯、剪共同作用下的破坏形态和抗震性能。试验中考虑剪跨比、轴压比、配箍率、混凝土强度4个参数的影响，由试验获得型钢高强混凝土柱的主要破坏形态和滞回曲线，分析各参数对构件延性、滞回特性、耗能性能以及承载力衰减的影响。结果表明，与型钢普通强度混凝土柱一样，在压、弯和反复剪力共同作用下，型钢高强混凝土柱的破坏形态主要为弯曲型破坏、剪切黏结破坏、剪切斜压破坏，破坏形态主要与剪跨比有关；箍筋能显著提高大剪跨比试件的延性和耗能能力，但对小剪跨比试件的延性与耗能性能改善有限；随着轴压比与混凝土强度的提高，试件的承载力衰减速度加快，后期变形能力减小，抗震性能越来越差；与钢筋混凝土柱相比，型钢高强混凝土柱的等效阻尼比远大于前者，耗能能力强，抗震性能好；提出型钢高强混凝土柱位移延性系数的计算公式，公式的计算结果与试验结果符合较好，可供工程设计应用参考。
关键词：型钢高强混凝土；柱；破坏形态；抗震性能

Experimental study on the performance of steel reinforced high-strength concrete columns under low cyclic reversed loading

Li Junhua¹ Wang Xintang¹ Xue Jianyang² Zhao Hongtie²
（1. Ningbo University, Ningbo315211, China ;
2. Xi’an Univ. of Arch. & Tech., Xi’an710055,China）

Abstract：To investigate the seismic performance of steel reinforced high-strength concrete columns, twenty steel reinforced high-strength concrete columns with concrete strengths of 65.3 to 84.9 MPa are constructed and tested under low cyclic reversed loading. Four parameters, shear span ratio, axial compression ratio, stirrup ratio and concrete strength, are taken into consideration. The main failure patterns as well as hysteretic curves of those columns are obtained, and influence of each of the four parameters on the ductile behavior, ability of energy dissipation and law of strength degeneration are analyzed. Test and analytical results indicate that similar to steel reinforced concrete columns, for steel reinforced high-strength concrete columns under axial compressive force together with reversed horizontal load, flexure failure, bond failure and diagonal compression failure are the main patterns of failure. Stirrup improves the energy dissipation and ductility of columns of large shear span ratios, whereas the effects on columns of small shear span ratios are limited. When the axial compression ratio and concrete strength increase, the rate of strength degeneration accelerates, and the capacity of ultimate displacement decreases. Comparing with reinforced concrete columns, steel reinforced high-strength concrete columns are extraordinary in energy dissipation, indicating excellent seismic performance. A formula for calculating the displacement ductility coefficient is proposed.
Keywords： steel reinforced high-strength concrete; column; failure pattern; seismic performance
E-mail：lijunhua@nbu.edu.cn

按部分剪力连接计算压型钢板-混凝土组合板承载力的简化方法

聂建国　左　莹　樊健生
（ 清华大学土木系结构工程与振动教育部重点实验室，北京100084）

摘要：提出多种荷载作用下，简支压型钢板-混凝土组合板承载力的部分剪力连接简化计算方法。分析组合板纵向剪切破坏的部分剪力连接理论模型，阐明组合板纵向剪切破坏的机理，以及控制截面位置和极限荷载的求解思路。通过公式推导，分别得到了组合板在两点对称荷载和均布荷载作用下的承载力计算公式。在此基础上，提出点荷载和均布荷载共同作用下的组合板承载力计算方法，通过参数分析，对该方法进行简化，得到多个荷载作用下组合板承载力的简化计算公式。结合12个简支组合板的静力试验结果，进行公式验证，计算结果与试验值吻合良好。通过小比例滑块试验得到压型钢板与混凝土的界面强度参数，即可用该方法计算组合板的承载力。
关键词：压型钢板-混凝土组合板；部分剪力连接；承载力

A simplified calculation method for partial shear connection strength of composite slabs with profiled steel sheeting

Nie Jianguo Zuo Ying Fan Jiansheng
(Key Laboratory of Structural Engineering and Vibration of China Education Ministry, Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract：A simplified method is presented for calculating the partial shear connection strength of a composite slab with profiled steel sheeting subjected to loads of various patterns. With the new partial shear connection strength model, the mechanism of longitudinal shear failure of a composite slab is explained, and the procedure for calculating the critical section location and the load capacity is proposed. Equations for predicting the load capacity under either symmetrical point load or uniform load are derived. The method of calculating the load capacity under both types of loads is proposed. Through parameter analysis, this method is simplified and calculation formulae are obtained. The results obtained from using this method are verified by test results of 12 specimens. Based on the interface strength parameters obtained from the small scale slip-block test, the strength of a composite slab may be calculated by using the proposed formulae.
Keywords：composite slab with profiled steel sheeting; partial shear connection; strength
E-mail：niejg@tsinghua.edu.cn

密肋复合墙体压弯剪复合受力性能非线性数值分析

王爱民¹　姚谦峰²　吴敏哲² 　黄　炜²
（1.长春工程学院，吉林长春 130012；2.西安建筑科技大学，陕西西安 710055）

摘要：应用通用有限元程序ANSYS，采用“实体单元-组合式配筋”计算模型，以墙体剪跨比、边框柱截面尺寸及配筋率作为变化参数，对墙体压弯剪复合受力性能进行非线性有限元分析。通过对不同墙体模型的承载力以及墙体截面正应力和应变等计算结果的分析，研究较大剪跨比密肋复合墙体的破坏形态及特征、受剪及受弯承载力的影响因素、压弯极限状态下墙体的应力及应变特征，为复合墙体正截面压弯承载力计算公式及构造措施的建立提供依据。经对比分析表明，有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。因此，采用提出的有限元模型及方法得出的密肋复合墙体压弯剪复合受力性能的非线性有限元分析结果是可靠且可信的。
关键词：密肋复合墙体；压弯剪复合受力性能；非线性有限元分析；压弯承载力

Nonlinear numerical analysis on hybrid behaviors of multi-ribbed composite wall under compression, bending and shear

Wang Aimin¹　Yao Qianfeng²　Wu Minzhe²　Huang Wei²
（1.Changchun Institute of Technology， Changchun 130012， China;
2. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology，Xi’an 710055，China）

Abstract: Using finite element program ANSYS and adopting the“solid element-compound reinforcement”model，a nonlinear finite element analysis was performed on the multi-ribbed composite walls under the combined actions of compression, bending and shear. In the analysis, shear-span ratio, section dimensions and reinforcement ratio of end-frame column of the composite wall are considering as the varying parameters. The failure forms and features, influence factors of shear and bending bearing capacity, and characteristics of stress and strain in ultimate state on the compression-bending of the wall with larger shear-span ratios were studied. Moreover, the numerical results on the bearing capacity, normal sectional stress and strain of different wall models were carefully analyzed and these data were utilized to establish a compression-bending bearing capacity formula and construction measures for the wall. After a systematic comparison between the analysis results and experimental measurements, it indicated that the finite element predictions correlated with the test data quite well. It is therefore concluded that the nonlinear finite element analysis results on the composite walls under compression, bending and shear presented in the paper should be reasonably reliable.
Keywords： multi-ribbed composite wall; hybrid behaviors under compression；bending and shear; nonlinear finite element analysis; compression-bending bearing capacity
E-mail： wangaimin88@yahoo.com.cn

低周反复荷载作用下型钢混凝土异形柱的抗剪承载力分析

陈宗平^1，2　薛建阳¹　赵鸿铁¹　邵永健³
（1.西安建筑科技大学，陕西西安710055；2.广西大学，广西南宁530004；
3. 苏州科技学院，江苏苏州215011）

摘要：从剪应力分布入手，分析型钢混凝土（SRC）异形柱中翼缘对抗剪承载力的影响，得出翼缘对抗剪强度的提高系数。根据试验得到的各构件的破坏形态和破坏机理，分别推导各种配钢形式的SRC异形柱在正向荷载（沿工程轴）以及斜向荷载作用下剪切斜压和剪切黏结破坏的抗剪承载力计算公式，计算结果与试验实测值均吻合较好。理论分析和试验结果表明：T、L形柱的斜向抗剪强度大于正向，而十形柱的斜向抗剪强度小于正向。研究结果可供工程设计参考。
关键词：型钢混凝土（SRC）；异形柱；抗剪承载力；斜向受剪

Analysis on the shear capacity of irregularly-shaped steel reinforced concrete columns under cyclic reversed loading

Chen Zongping^1,2 Xue Jianyang¹ Zhao Hongtie¹ Shao Yong jian³
(1. Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi’an 710055, China;
2. Guangxi University, Nanjing530004,China；
3. University of Science and Technology of Suzhou, Suzhou 215011,China)

Abstract：Regarding the shear stress distribution of irregularly-shaped steel reinforced concrete(SRC) columns, the influence of flange on bearing capacity is analyzed, and the amplified coefficient of flange is obtained. Based on the failure characteristics and mechanism derived from the tests, the formulas for calculating the ultimate shear capacity of different irregularly-shaped SRC columns are derived for right angle and oblique angle loadings. The calculation results are in good agreement with test data. It is shown that shear capacity of T, L shaped columns under oblique angle loading are larger than that under right angle loading, whereas the shear capacity of + shaped columns under oblique angle loading are smaller than that under right angle loading.
Keywords：steel reinforced concrete （SRC）; irregularly-shaped columns; shear capacity; oblique angle loading

铝合金受弯构件整体稳定性的试验研究

石永久 程 明 王元清
（清华大学，北京 100084）

摘要：通过试验研究工字型铝合金挤压构件在纯弯荷载作用下的整体稳定性。构件的材料包括两种：6061-T6和6063-T5，分别代表弱应变强化合金与强应变强化合金。构件截面包括双轴对称与单轴对称两种类型，构件的端部严格约束了侧向的转角。试验过程中荷载持续增加，直至达到构件承载力峰值。试验共测量了40根铝合金梁在纯弯荷载下的稳定承载力，铝合金梁的破坏形式涵盖了弹性失稳和弹塑性失稳。材性拉伸试件分别从每种材料的铝合金梁的翼缘和腹板上切取，共进行了8组试验。并且把试验结果与早期研究得到的计算方法相比较，证明了计算方法的准确性。
关键词： 铝合金梁；侧向失稳；试验；计算方法；稳定系数

Experimental study on the lateral stability of aluminum bending members

Shi Yongjiu Cheng Ming Wang Yuanqing
(Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China)

Abstract: An experiment was conducted on extruded I-section aluminum beams to study their lateral stability under pure bending. The alloy and temper of these beams were 6061-T6 and 6063-T5, representing weak hardening and strong hardening alloys, respectively. The sections of the members have equal or unequal flanges. The ends of these beams were restrained against bending in the lateral direction. The loading was continued until the peak response of the beams was reached. Forty tests were conducted to study the carrying capacity of aluminum beams under pure bending. The beams had collapsed by lateral buckling in both the elastic and the plastic ranges of the material. Tensile tests were made on 8 specimens cut from the flanges and the webs of each type of beams. The test data were compared with the results from a design method proposed in a previous study for verification.
Keywords: aluminum beam；lateral buckling；experiment；calculation method；stability factor
E-mail: civilcmmd@yahoo.com.cn

苏通大桥气弹模型气动失稳分析

许福友¹　陈艾荣²
（1.大连理工大学，辽宁大连 116024；2.同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：大跨柔性桥梁气弹模型在风荷载作用下会产生明显的竖向、侧向位移和附加攻角。推导气弹模型实测位移修正表达式，对苏通大桥气弹模型高风速时实测位移进行修正，对比分析修正前后差异。绘制了苏通大桥主跨跨中断面、1/4断面和边跨跨中３个典型断面扭转中心的运动轨迹，分析其特点，对苏通大桥气弹模型气动失稳现象进行解释。基于随机搜索方法和随机子空间方法识别得到的模态参数，对苏通大桥气弹模型进行复模态颤振分析。分析结果表明：苏通大桥气弹模型可视为一种非常规索网复合系统，其气动失稳振动表现为保持平衡状态的竖向、侧向和扭转耦合滚动，扭转频率成分在竖弯和侧弯振动中参与很多，而竖弯和侧弯频率成分在其他两种振动中参与很少。
关键词：苏通大桥；气弹模型；气动失稳；位移修正；模态耦合

Analysis of the aerodynamic divergence of an aeroelastic model of Sutong Bridge

Xu Fuyou¹ Chen Airong²
(1. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
2.Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract：Under wind loads, obvious vertical and lateral displacements and additional angle of attack occur for an aeroelastic model of long-span flexible bridge. For displacement measurement of the aeroelastic model, modified expressions are derived. Under the condition of high wind velocity, the measured displacement of the Sutong Bridge aeroelastic model is corrected, and the difference between the original and the modified displacement is compared and analyzed. For Sutong Bridge deck, the kinematic trajectories of torsional centers of three typical sections (midspan section and 1/4-span section of main span and midspan of side span) are investigated. The aerodynamic divergence of the Sutong Bridge aeroelastic model is illustrated. Based on modal parameters identified by using a stochastic search algorithm and stochastic subspace identification technique, complex modal analysis of flutter for the Sutong Bridge aeroelastic model is carried out. The analytical results reveal that the Sutong Bridge aeroelastic model can be considered as an irregular composite cable-net system. At the air-actuated instability state, the system exhibits coupled vertical, lateral rotation and torsion. Torsion largely occurs in vertical and lateral vibration, whereas vertical and lateral modes are almost not involved in other two vibration modes.
Keywords：Sutong Bridge; aeroelastic model; aerodynamic divergence; displacement amendment; modal coupling
E-mail：fuyouxu@hotmail.com

全桥气弹模型颤振导数识别

许福友¹　陈艾荣²
（1.大连理工大学，辽宁大连 116024；2.同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：将节段模型颤振导数识别方法用于全桥气弹模型，对其可行性和便利性进行详细论述；给出气弹模型模态质量的确定方法；采用随机子空间方法和随机搜索方法识别均匀流场和紊流场中苏通大桥气弹模型的18颤振导数，并和特征系统实现算法识别结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明：节段模型颤振导数识别方法是识别气弹模型颤振导数的有效和实用方法；模型模态质量可以方便地根据几何缩尺比由实桥对应值直接推算得到，且比通过模型试验实测精度更高；不同方法识别得到的均匀流场中苏通大桥气弹模型大部分颤振导数基本吻合；相对于紊流场中的气弹模型而言，均匀流场中的节段模型颤振导数识别精度更高。
关键词：气弹模型；颤振导数；苏通大桥；随机搜索方法；随机子空间方法；特征系统实现算法

Identification of flutter derivatives of full-bridge aeroelastic model

Xu Fuyou¹ Chen Airong²
(1. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;
2.Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract：The method for identification of flutter derivatives of section model is applied to a full-bridge aeroelastic model, and the feasibility and convenience of this application are elaborated. The technique for determination of the modal mass of aeroelastic model is provided. Eighteen flutter derivatives of a Sutong Bridge aeroelastic model in smooth and turbulent flows are extracted by using a stochastic search algorithm and a stochastic subspace approach, and comparative analyses are conducted with the results from using an eigen-system realization algorithm. The results indicate that it is efficient and practicable to apply the identification method for flutter derivatives of section model to aeroelastic model. The modal mass of aeroelastic model can be conveniently and directly calculated by the corresponding values of actual bridge according to the geometric scale ratio, more accurate than by actual measurement in model testing. For the Sutong Bridge aeroelastic model in smooth flow, most flutter derivatives extracted by using different methods are in reasonable agreement. Identification precision of flutter derivatives of section model in smooth flow is more satisfactory than that for aeroelastic model in turbulent flow.
Keywords：aeroelastic model; flutter derivatives; Sutong Bridge; stochastic search algorithm; stochastic subspace identification technique; eigen-system realization algorithm
E-mail：fuyouxu@hotmail.com

桥梁用液体黏滞阻尼器的减振设计和类型选择

陈永祁　耿瑞琦　马良喆
（北京奇太振控科技发展有限公司，北京100037）

摘要：总结和归纳目前国内外桥梁工程中使用的不同类别的液体黏滞减振装置：锁定装置、液体黏滞阻尼器、熔断液体黏滞阻尼器、限位阻尼器和摩擦型液体阻尼器。对它们的构造、使用性能的共同及各自特性进行讨论，介绍或导出各类阻尼器的计算公式和分析模型。从我国的几个工程实例的计算分析结果来看，只要设计的合理，液体黏滞减振装置对不同结构形式的桥梁工程都能起到显著的减振作用。证明液体黏滞阻尼器在桥梁上的减振控制中的有效性。说明未经严格动力测试检验的阻尼器是不能保证满足设计和使用要求的。进而介绍阻尼器设计和使用上的一个关键——阻尼器的测试检验。详细阐述上述各类阻尼器需经过何种测试进行验证，给出测试评判的标准，供桥梁设计工作者设计时参考。
关键词：锁定装置；液体黏滞阻尼器；熔断阻尼器；限位阻尼器；摩擦型液体阻尼器

Design and selection of fluid viscous devices for shock control of bridges

Chen Yongqi Geng Ruiqi Ma Liangzhe
(Beijing Qitai Shock Control and Scientific Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100037, China)

Abstract: Various types of the fluid viscous devices widely used in bridge constructions both domestically and internationally, such as lock-up devices, fluid viscous dampers, fuse dampers, limited displacement dampers and friction viscous dampers, are introduced. The configurations and the performance characteristics of the dampers are discussed, and the calculation formulas are presented. The examples illustrate that the rationally installed fluid viscous dampers may effectively reduce the vibration of various types of bridges. The acceptance test for dampers is introduced as a key factor that must be considered in the design and use of dampers. It is elaborated in detail as to what kind of test is required to verify the above-mentioned dampers and to give criterion of test judgment.
Keywords: lock-up devices; fluid viscous dampers; fuse dampers; limited displacement damper; friction type viscous damper
E-mail：qitai@bluelakeint.com

斜拉桥斜拉索风雨振时索表面水线摆动作用及规律的试验研究

刘庆宽
（石家庄铁道学院，河北石家庄050043）

摘要：斜拉索表面水线的周向摆动被认为是激发索发生风雨振的重要因素。有水线的索的气动力可以认为是索本身的气动力和水线摆动产生的气动力的组合。在风洞中，通过竖向强制振动试验，测试索的气动力并算得气动导数H1 * 和H4 *。为了模拟水线的摆动，对贴有水线的索施行两端同向强制扭转振动试验，测试振动中的气动力。通过分析水线的摆动对索竖向振动阻尼的贡献，表明水线的摆动既能促使索变得气动不稳定，也可以促使索变得气动稳定，这主要取决于水线摆动与索振动之间的位相差。同时，通过在风洞中模拟人工降雨并对水线进行跟踪观测，发现水线沿索轴向分布及摆动不均一，指出掌握风雨振时水线的各个参数对分析和理解该振动具有重要意义。
关键词：斜拉索；风雨振；水线；摆动；观测

Experimental study on movement of water rivulet on cable surface
in rain-wind induced vibration of stay-cables

Liu Qingkuan
（Shijiazhuang Railway Institute，Shijiazhuang 050043，China）

Abstract：Synchronized movement of water rivulet with cable motion is one of the most important factors that cause rain-wind induced vibration. The aerodynamic lift force of cable with moving water rivulet is considered to be a combination of the lift forces due to heaving movement and water rivulet movement. In wind tunnel tests, forced heaving vibration of cable with fixed water rivulet was carry out and the aerodynamic derivatives H1* and H4* were obtained. To simulate the water rivulet movement, a cable model with fixed water rivulet was forced to vibrate rotationally during the lift force measurements. The damping contribution of water rivulet movement to cable vibration was investigated. Furthermore, water formation and movement were observed in another wind tunnel test in which water spray was used to simulate rainfall. The results showed that rivulet movement can either destabilize or stabilize cable vibration, which depends on the phase lag between water rivulet movement and cable vibration. It was also observed that water rivulet formed on cable surface is not uniform, one may conclude that the parameters of water rivulet on real cable are important to analyze rain-wind induced vibration.
Keywords：stay-cables; rain-wind induced vibration; water rivulet; movement; observation
E-mail：Liu_qingkuan@yahoo.com.cn

地下结构抗震设计中的静力弹塑性分析方法

刘晶波¹　李　彬²　刘祥庆¹
（1.清华大学，北京100084；2.中信国华国际工程承包公司，北京100004）

摘要：首先介绍目前地下结构抗震分析方法存在的主要问题，在借鉴地上结构静力弹塑性分析方法思想的基础上，提出一种适用于地铁等地下结构抗震分析与设计使用的静力弹塑性方法。详细介绍该方法的实施步骤与特点，给出水平等效惯性加速度的求解方法。该方法概念清晰、操作简单，能够在不需要计算相互作用系数的情况下较好地模拟土-结构之间的动力相互作用；能够进行结构在地震作用下的全过程分析，给出地下结构在输入地震波作用下的峰值变形与内力，避免对土-结构整体模型进行复杂的动力相互作用分析。结合实际工程与基于黏弹性静-动力统一人工边界的静-动力联合分析方法进行对比研究，验证地下结构静力弹塑性分析方法的可靠性及良好的模拟精度，可以应用于地下结构的抗震分析与设计中。
关键词：地下结构；地震反应；土-结构相互作用；拟静力分析；静力弹塑性分析；静-动力联合分析

A static elasto-plastic analysis method in seismic design of underground structures

Liu Jingbo¹　Li Bin²　Liu Xiangqing¹
（1. Tsinghua University，Beijing 100084，China；
2. CITIC International Contracting Inc.，Beijing 100004，China）

Abstract：Main problems of the methods currently used for seismic response analysis of underground structures are discussed. Then based on the static elasto-plastic methods for seismic analysis of superstructures, a similar method for seismic response analysis and design of underground structures is proposed. The implementation procedure and special features of the method are introduced in some details. Also included in the paper is a solution method of equivalent horizontal inertial acceleration which can analysze the soil-structure interactions under dynamic loading. The method presented is clear concept and easy for application. In fact, dynamic soil-structure interactions can be simulated well by the method without calculating the interaction coefficient. In addition, the method is capable of performing a whole range analysis of the super-structure, then provide the data input in terms of peak response and internal forces needed for the subsequent analysis of an underground structure under seismic loading. By doing so, one can avoid the complicated analysis of dynamic soil-structure interactions. Taking an actual subway station project as an example, the validity and good simulative accuracy of the method are verified by comparing with the static-dynamic coupling analysis method based on a unified viscous-spring boundary. The analysis results have shown that the method is suitable for seismic response analysis and design of underground structures.
Keywords：underground structure; seismic response; soil-structure interaction; quasi-static analysis; static elasto-plastic analysis; static-dynamic coupling analysis
E-mail：liujb@tsinghua.edu.cn

隧道工程喷膜防水施工工艺的试验研究

蒋雅君　杨其新　蒋　波　刘东民　盛草樱
（西南交通大学，四川成都610031）

摘要：通过在隧道试验模型中进行喷膜防水施工试验，研究基于丙烯酸盐喷膜防水材料及高压无气喷涂方式的隧道工程喷膜防水施工工艺。在试验模型中对隧道工程现场中的基面条件、附属物设置、地下水渗漏形态进行模拟，提供了与喷膜防水施工现场工况条件相符的试验环境。对喷膜施工的全过程工序都进行了操作和测试，包括基面预处理、排水材料铺设、喷膜设备压力控制、喷嘴运动参数调整、喷膜分块与分区、喷膜质量检查及修补等项目。在子项工序的试验中，以最终是否会对喷膜层的质量产生影响为准则来对试验结果进行评判，进行该子项目技术的定型，并基于总体试验结果总结出了喷膜防水施工工艺各相关工序的施工方法及要求。试验结果表明，只有经过每个环节的细致施工，才能形成满足要求的喷膜防水层。
关键词：喷膜防水；施工工艺；丙烯酸盐；高压无气喷涂

An experimental study on the construction technology of spray-on tunnel waterproof membrane

Jiang Yajun Yang Qixin Jiang Bo Liu Dongmin Sheng Caoying
(Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China)

Abstract：To study the construction technology of spray-on tunnel waterproof membrane, which based is on acrylate material and high pressure airless spraying method, a series of spraying construction tests were carried out in a tunnel test model. The test model simulated various conditions of tunnel sites, including different forms of base surfaces, appurtenances and groundwater leakages, to provide the environmental conditions which the spray-on membrane may encounter in real tunnels. The procedures during construction of the membrane layer were tested, including pretreatment of base surface, pavement of drainage fleece, pressure control of spraying apparatus, adjustment of nozzle moving parameters, partitioning and zoning of spray areas, examination of quality and repairing of the membrane, etc. The test results were analyzed by using the principle of whether good quality of spray-on membrane could be achieved, and the methods and requirements of the construction technology of spray-on waterproof membrane were summarized.
Keywords：spray-on waterproof membrane; construction technology; acrylate; high pressure airless spraying
E-mail：yajunjiang@126.com

基于“前景理论”的路径选择行为建模及实例分析

赵 凛 张星臣
（北京交通大学，北京 100044）

摘要：出行者路径选择行为的建模对于城市交通系统分析具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。传统的路径选择模型基于“期望效用理论”，但该理论存在着某些不足。“前景理论”能够较好的描述不确定性条件下的决策过程。首先在“前景理论”的框架下对一天内单次出行的路径选择行为进行了理论建模:确定了出行者的主观感知费用函数，并定义了出行过程中的参照点,给出了前景值的计算方法。最后以具有两条平行路径的简单路网为例，从理论推算以及SP调查两方面，对比了基于“前景理论”与基于“期望效用理论”的路径选择模型，结果表明“前景理论”在描述出行者的路径选择行为时能够在一定程度上克服“期望效用理论”的不足，可以较准确地刻画出行者在不确定性条件下的路径选择决策行为，也为进一步对ATIS影响分析及仿真建模工作奠定了理论基础。
关键词：前景理论；期望效用理论；路径选择行为；实例分析

A traveler route choice model based on prospect theory and case study

Zhao Lin Zhang Xingchen
(Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing100044, China)

Abstract：It is critical to model traveler’s route choice behavior when analyzing the transportation system. The disadvantages of the Expected Utility Theory, which serves as a basis for most of the existing route choice models, are reviewed. Within the framework of Prospect Theory, a theoretical model is formulated for travelers’ route choice behavior within a day as follows: (1) The traveler’s subjective perception function of trip cost is proposed, (2) The definition of reference point for travelers’ trip decision is defined, and (3) the calculation method of prospect value is provided. The Prospect Theory is compared with the Expect Utility Theory in their ability of modeling travelers’ route choice behavior from theoretical calculations and SP surveys, respectively, through a case study. The results demonstrate that the Prospect Theory could provide a more accurate description of travelers’ route choice behavior under the conditions of uncertainty than the Expect Utility Theory.
Keywords: prospect theory; expected utility theory; route choice behavior; case study
E-mail: jerry.zhaolin@gmail.com

道路线形对双车道公路通行能力的影响研究

刘　江^１，２　魏中华²
（1.河南省交通厅，河南郑州450052；
2.北京工业大学北京市交通工程重点实验室，北京100022）

摘要：双车道公路在选线时，由于平、纵线形指标选取的范围较大，它们之间的组合导致了双车道公路线形差异较大，通行能力也不尽相同。因此，平纵线形是影响双车道公路通行能力的主要因素。根据实测数据和已有研究，认为半径大于400m的平曲线和坡度小于3％的纵坡不影响道路的通行能力。定义有效曲度和有效梯度２个概念来分别表示平曲线的弯曲程度和竖曲线的陡峭程度，给出计算方法，并探讨其有关性质。根据仿真结果和速度差原则分别将有效曲度和有效梯度分为了7级和6级，将有效曲度和有效梯度进行组合，构造出42组不同道路线形下的双车道公路，在进行的仿真实验中，得到了相应的小客车速度-流量、流量-跟车率关系，最终得出不同道路线形条件下的双车道公路通行能力值。
关键词：双车道公路；道路线形；通行能力；仿真；交通工程

Influence of road alignments on two-lane highway capacity

Liu Jiang^１，２　Wei Zhonghua^２
（1.Henan Communication Department，Zhengzhou 450052，China；2.Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering，Beijing University of Technology，Beijing 100022，China）

Abstract: Two-lane highway is the most general form of highways in a road network. Because horizontal and vertical line indexes can be chosen within a relatively large range, the combination of them causes variable road alignments and different capacities. The road alignment is one of the main influencing factors on highway capacity. According to the field data analysis and the existing findings, it does not affect the capacity when the radius is greater than 400m or the slope is less than 3%. Two new indexes are defined: effective curvature and effective gradient, and calculation methods are also provided. Effective curvature and effective gradient are divided into 7 and 6 levels, respectively, according to the simulation results and the principle of speed difference. Using the simulation method, the speed-volume curve and the volume-following ratio relationship are obtained for 42 different road alignments.
Keywords: two-lane highway; road alignments; capacity; simulation: traffic engineering
E-mail: jliu999@hncd.gov.cn

基于GA改进BP神经网络的建设工程投标报价研究

王雪青　喻　刚　孟海涛
（天津大学，天津300072）

摘要：在建设工程项目投标报价过程中，如何来确定标高金直接关系到承包商能否中标和盈利以及施工企业今后的生存与发展。提出基于遗传算法（GA）优化BP神经网络的标高金预测方法。在分析BP神经网络基本原理的基础上，主要阐述了如何应用遗传算法来改进BP神经网络收敛速度慢和易于陷入极小值等缺点。对BP神经网络模型隐含层节点数进行优选后，建立起GA改进BP神经网络的标高金预测模型；最后应用该模型和一般BP神经网络模型对20个典型国际工程实例的标高金进行计算和预测。计算结果对比发现，经遗传算法改进后的BP神经网络模型在降低计算和预测平均误差的同时，迭代次数比一般BP神经网络模型也大大减少了。因此，该模型适用于求解如建设工程投标报价等非线性问题。
关键词：BP神经网络；遗传算法；投标报价；标高金

Study of construction project bidding based on the
BP neural network improved by GA

Wang Xueqing Yu Gang Meng Haitao
（Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China）

Abstract: During the bidding process of a construction project, how to calculate the mark-up directly influences whether the contractor can win the bidding and make profit, as well as the contractor’s survival and prosperity in the future. A method for prediction of mark-up based on the BP neural network improved by GA (Genetic Algorithm) is proposed. On the basis of the basic theory of the BP neural network, discussions are provided on how to rectify the drawbacks of slow convergence and prone to convergence to minimum with the use of GA. After an optimal number of the hidden layers’nodes of the BP neural network are selected, the prediction model of mark-up based on the BP neural network improved by GA is esatblished. The mark-ups of 25 typically international projects are calculated and predicted by using the proposed model and the normal BP network. The calculation results of the BP neural network improved by GA indicate that the average calculation and prediction errors are greatly reduced and the number of iterations is also smaller than that of the normal BP neural network.
Keywords：BP neural network；GA （Genetic Algorithm）；bidding; mark-up
E-mail：xueqing_wang@tom.com

工程投标中串标行为的信号博弈分析

任　宏¹　祝连波^1，2
（1．重庆大学，重庆400045；2.兰州交通大学，甘肃兰州730070）

摘要：自我国从2000年开始执行《中华人民共和国招标投标法》以来，建筑市场的竞争逐步走向规范化、法制化、有序化的轨道。然而，近期在建筑市场竞争中不断涌现的串标、围标、合谋等违法行为，已严重干扰正常的市场竞争秩序。运用信号博弈理论，建立不完全信息动态博弈模型，通过求解模型，找出模型的混同均衡解和分离均衡解，得到影响串标者行为的因素为：招标人对串标者的处罚费及招标人检查串标的成本，而与投标人的串标成本无关。提出治理串标行为的经济和法律措施，如合理设置检查成本与处罚费的比例、加大处罚费及加强对报高价投标人的检查等措施，为我国建筑市场的管理者和监督者治理串标行为、净化建筑市场及创造和谐竞争环境提供有益参考。
关键词：投标；串标；不完全信息；信号博弈

Analysis on the collusion tender in the construction bidding
process based on signaling game

Ren Hong^{1　Zhu Lianbo1，2
（1.Chongqing University，Chongqing 400045，China；
2.Lanzhou Jiaotong University，Lanzhou 730070，China）}

Abstract: Since the enforcement of the Law on Tendering and Bidding of People’s Republic of China in 2000, the competitions in the construction market have become more and more regulated, legalized and systematized. Illegal activities, such as collusion tenders, however, still come forth frequently, severely disturbing normal market order. An incomplete-information dynamic game model is formulated based on the signal game theory, and a pooling equilibrium solution and a separating equilibrium solution are obtained. The factors affecting collusion tender actions include the punishment cost and inspection cost to the bidders, unrelated with the collusion cost to the tenders. Proposals are provided to design an appropriate ratio between the inspection cost and the punishment cost, and to increase punitive cost to the collusion bidders and to check the high-cost bidders, for administering collusion tender actions. These measures may serve as a reference for forbidding collusion tender actions and clarify the construction market.
Keywords: bidding; collusion tender; incomplete information; signal game
E-mail: Zhulb39@126.com

大坝原级配混凝土在双轴拉压及三轴拉压压受力状态下的试验研究

王怀亮　宋玉普　曲晓东　任　峰
（大连理工大学海岸与近海工程国家重点实验室，辽宁大连116024）

摘要：为了满足大体积混凝土结构进行非线性分析和设计的需要，通过试验比较了三级配混凝土大试件和湿筛二级配混凝土小试件在双轴拉压、三轴拉压压受力情况下的强度和变形特性。三级配混凝土试件尺寸为25 cm×25 cm×40 cm，最大骨料粒径为80 mm；湿筛试件尺寸为15 cm×15 cm× 30 cm，最大骨料粒径为40 mm。试验数据表明，同一种应力状态下，混凝土大试件的强度和变形均低于小试件，大尺寸试件的应力-应变曲线的初始斜率一般大于相应的湿筛小试件的初始斜率。试验结果证实对处在复杂应力状态下的大体积混凝土结构，尺寸效应和骨料湿筛效应的影响是很显著的，在设计中必须考虑。最后分别在主应力空间和八面体应力空间建立大骨料混凝土的破坏准则，这为水工大体积混凝土按多轴强度理论进行设计提供了试验依据。
关键词：大骨料混凝土；双轴拉压；三轴拉压压；强度； 变形；破坏准则

Experimental study of mass concrete under biaxial compression-tension and triaxial compression-compression-tension stresses

Wang Huailiang　Song Yupu　Qu Ｘiaodong　Ren Ｆeng
（State Key Lab. of Coastal and Offshore Eng.，Dalian Univ. of Technol.，Dalian 116024，China）

Abstract: In order to meet the requirement of the nonlinear analysis and design for the mass concrete structures，the deformation behavior and strength of three-graded concrete specimens 25 cm×25 cm×40 cm with the maximum aggregate size 80 mm and the corresponding wet-screened concrete specimens 15 cm×15 cm×30 cm with the maximum aggregate size 40 mm are studied experimentally. The specimens are subjected to biaxial compression-tension and triaxial compression-compression-tension stress states The test data indicate that both the deformation and strength of the mass concrete specimens are lower than those of the corresponding wet-screened concrete small specimens，but the initial tangent modulus of the stress-strain curve of the former is greater than that of the latter. The test results show that the wet-screened effect and size effect of the specimens under complex stress states are obvious so that it should be considered in the design for the mass concrete structures. In addition，respective failure criteria for mass concrete in principal stress space and octahedron stress space are proposed. The present work provides an experimental basis for the design and analysis of hydraulic mass concrete structures which should be designed according to the multiaxial strength theory.
Keywords: mass concrete; biaxial compression-tension; triaxial compression-compression-tension; strength; deformation; failure criterion
E-mail: whl2003_2002@tom.com