自由曲面结构形态创构方法
——高度调整法的建立与其在工程设计中的应用

崔昌禹¹　严　慧²
（1.日本佐佐木睦朗结构设计研究所，名古屋4680021；2.浙江大学，浙江杭州310027）

摘要：曲面结构（如壳体）的受力性能主要取决于结构的曲面形状。在实际工程中，常规的简单曲面一般较难有效满足结构的受力合理性。利用曲面高度参数与结构应变能之间的关系，提出了一种自由曲面创构方法来保证结构达到“薄”而“刚”的统一。该方法基于有限元法，通过计算应变能对曲面高度的微分，并根据应变能变化的敏感程度对曲面高度进行调整，最终得到一个结构应变能最小的合理结构形态。利用该方法，可以通过调整设计参数（约束条件，空间条件）得到多种合理曲面形态，供设计人员参考。同时，也可以对建筑意图所设定的初始形状进行修改，求得近似合理的结构几何形状。工程设计实例表明，该方法所得到的曲面结构基本以薄膜应力为主，而且能保证足够的刚度。
关键词：形态优化；结构优化；非线性方法；壳体结构

A morphosis technique for curved-surface structures of arbitrary geometries
——Height adjusting method and its engineering applications

Cui Changyu¹　Yan Hui²
(1. Sasaki Structural Consultants, Nagoya4680021, Japan；
2. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027,China)

Abstract: The structural behavior of curved-surface structures, typically of shells, generally depends on the surface shapes. In engineering, conventional simple curved surfaces would be difficult to coincide with structural rationality. Based on the relationship between the height parameters of structural surface and the total structural strain energy, a morphosis method is developed to construct the arbitrary geometry of curved-surface structures with less thickness but better stiffness. The finite element approach is employed to calculate the differential of total structural strain energy corresponding to surface height parameters. The surface height is adjusted iteratively according to its sensitivity to total structural strain energy. A rational structural surface can thus be found when the total structural strain energy reaches minimum. With this method, different structural surfaces can be obtained by adjusting design parameters such as constraint or space conditions, for designer’s reference. This method can be also applied to modify the architectural original form to solve for an approximately reasonable structural geometry. A design application reveals that the arbitrary surface constructed by using this method can not only keep the structure in a general membrane-stress state but with sufficient rigidity.
Keywords: shape optimization；structural optimization；nonlinear programming；shell

E-mail: ccy@topaz.ocn.ne.jp；yanhuihang@zju.edu.cn

单层球面网壳结构的风致响应分析

李方慧¹　倪振华²　沈世钊³
(1. 黑龙江大学，黑龙江哈尔滨150086；2. 汕头大学, 广东汕头515063；
3. 哈尔滨工业大学，黑龙江哈尔滨150090)

摘要：讨论完全二次型组合（CQC）方法和模态加速度法在单层球面网壳结构风致响应计算中的应用，对0.1矢跨比单层球面网壳采用同步多点压力扫描技术进行了风洞试验。根据由脉动风荷载和结构模态得到的广义力功率谱，分别用CQC法和平方－总和－开方法（SRSS）计算了结构的风致响应。检查不同模态数对响应精度的影响以及模态响应分量的相关性，发现SRSS方法对这类结构并不合适，不同模态响应之间的相关性未被考虑在内。位移响应功率谱表明响应的共振分量是显著的，对某些节点甚至比背景分量更加重要。与传统的模态叠加法不同，模态加速度法中可以用剩余柔度的拟静态响应近似补偿截断的高阶模态对响应的贡献。
关键词：单层网壳结构；风致响应；模态加速度法；静力补偿；风洞试验

Wind-induced response analysis of a single-layer latticed dome

Li Fanghui¹　Ni Zhenhua²　Shen Shizhao³
(1. Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150086,China; 2. Shantou University, Shantou 515063,China;
3. Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China)

Abstract: This paper discusses the application of the Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) method and the Mode-Acceleration method to estimate the wind-induce responses of single-layer latticed domes. Wind tunnel tests of a single-layer latticed dome of a rise-span ratio of 0.1 were conducted using the synchronous multi-pressure scanning technique. Based on the spectra of generalized forces obtained from fluctuating wind loads and structural modes, the wind-induced response of the dome were calculated by using the CQC and the Square Root Sum of Square(SRSS), respectively. The effects of different mode-numbers on response accuracy and the correlation among modal response components were examined. It was found that the SRSS is inadequate for this type of structures, and the correlations between modal responses have to be taken into consideration. The spectra of displacement response indicate that the resonant component of the response is significant, and even more so than the background component for some nodes. In contrast to the traditional Mode-Superposition method, in the Mode-Acceleration method the contribution of the truncated high-order modes to response may be compensated approximately by the pseudo-static response of the residual flexibility.
Keywords: single-layer latticed dome; wind induced response; mode-acceleration method; static compensation; wind tunnel test

E-mail: zhni@stu.edu.cn

大跨越输电塔线体系风振响应的时域分析

郭　勇^1,2　孙炳楠²　叶　尹³
（1．浙江同济科技职业学院，浙江杭州311231；2． 浙江大学，浙江杭州310027；
3． 浙江省电力设计院，浙江杭州310014）

摘要：以规划中的世界第一高塔－舟山大跨越输电塔为工程背景，建立了塔线耦合体系的空间有限元模型，对体系的风振响应进行了时域分析，同时对输电塔线体系进行了气动弹性模型的风洞试验。通过理论计算和试验研究，将输电塔的响应分解为共振分量与背景分量，并分别考虑了输电线对这两部分分量的影响。针对背景与共振响应各自的特征，进一步提出了塔线体系的简化计算方法：背景分量的计算可以应用准静态假定，采用方差分析法得出；将塔线体系等效为悬吊摆系统，从而简化了共振分量的计算。上述两部分计算结果相叠加，即可得到塔线体系真实的风振响应。
关键词：大跨越输电塔线体系；风振响应；方差分析法；悬吊摆系统；时域分析

Time-domain analysis on wind-induced dynamic response of long span
power transmission line systems

Guo Yong^1,2　Sun Bingnan²　Ye Yin³
(1. Zhejiang Tongji College of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 311231, China;
2. Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027, China;
3. Zhejiang Electric Power Design Institute, Hangzhou 310014, China)

Abstract: The tallest transmission tower in the world, a part of the Zhoushan long span transmission line system, is studied and a spatial finite element model of the tower-line coupled system is established. The wind-induced dynamic response in time-domain is analyzed, also the wind tunnel experiment on an aeroelastic model is conducted. Based on both the theoretical analysis and experimental study, the system response can be divided into background response and resonant response, and the influence of the transmission line is considered in the analysis. A simplified method for calculating the dynamic response is proposed according to the different features of the two types of responses; the background response can be calculated with the covariance analysis based on the quasi-static assumption, and the resonant response can be calculated more easily after simplifying the transmission line system into a suspended mass pendulum system. Superposition of the two types of responses is the actual wind-induced dynamic response of the tower-line system.
Keywords: long span transmission line system; wind-induced dynamic response; covariance analysis；suspended mass pendulum system; time-domain analysis

E-mail: gy_guoyong@126.com

弹塑性结构动力系统的时变刚度激励效应分析

黄庆丰　王全凤
（华侨大学，福建泉州362011）

摘要：从理论上探讨弹塑性结构动力系统局部屈服卸载作用的力学机理，并提出其计算方法。引用运动模态空间分析指出：弹塑性结构动力系统运动中存在一个与时变刚度激励相对应的科氏加速度分量，其激励效应即为弹塑性结构动力系统的屈服卸载效应；基于计算时间步长内结构动力系统刚度定常化的时程分析方法，文中建立一个动态的补充能量方程，描述弹塑性结构动力系统在各个计算步内因系统割线刚度矩阵变化引起的系统能量分布变化，从而导出弹塑性结构动力系统的时变刚度激励效应计算方法和公式。该方法计算简单，计算过程的物理意义清楚，计算稳定性和可靠性好。
关键词：时变刚度；运动模态空间；科氏加速度；屈服卸载；能量方程

Analysis of time-variant stiffness excitation effects of elastoplastic dynamic structural systems

Huang Qingfeng　　Wang Quanfeng
(Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362011, China)

Abstract: The mechanism of yield-unloading excitation for elastoplastic dynamic structure systems is analyzed, and a method is presented to calculate the excitation effects. A study on the moving modal space indicates that there exists a Coriolis acceleration division in the motion of an elastoplastic dynamics structural system that correlates to the time-variant stiffness excitation leading to the yield unloading effect. Based on a time-dependent integral analysis in which the dynamic system stiffness is stationary in time, a supplementary energy equation is established to describe the changes in energy distribution caused by the changes of the secant stiffness vector. In the paper, a computational procedure for the time-variant stiffness excitation effect is proposed.
Keywords: time-variant stiffness; movement modal space; Coriolis acceleration; yield unload; supplementary energy equation

E-mail: kfsdbt@yahoo.com.cn

MDOF子结构拟动力方法在复杂高层结构抗震试验中的应用研究

黄 靓 施楚贤 刘桂秋 熊 辉
（湖南大学，湖南长沙 410082）

摘要：研究了实验子结构、计算子结构均为多自由度（MDOF）的子结构拟动力试验方法，并采用该方法对一种新型复杂高层结构——框支配筋砌体剪力墙结构进行了抗震试验研究。分析结果表明，当全结构的实验子结构采用多自由度后，不仅使实验能够得到全结构的地震反应，而且可以较好地反映实验子结构在真实地震作用下的力和位移的分布方式，并且可以得到不同性质楼层(如转换层结构的上部和下部楼层)在地震作用下的层位移－层剪力滞回耗能特性，而后两点是实验子结构采用单自由度的子结构拟动力试验做不到的。试验证明，采用实验子结构、计算子结构均为多自由度的子结构拟动力试验方法进行复杂高层结构的抗震试验能比目前常用的实验子结构采用单自由度的子结构拟动力试验获得更多有效而真实的数据。
关键词：子结构拟动力试验；多自由度；实验子结构；计算子结构；复杂高层结构

MDOF substructure pseudo-dynamic testing for complex tall buildings

Huang Liang　 Shi Chuxian　 Liu Guiqiu　 Xiong Hui
(Hunan University，Changsha 410082,China)

Abstract: A substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method, in which both the PSD tested part and the numerically operated part are of MDOF, is studied. Seismic testing has been carried out for a new structure-a frame-supported reinforced masonry shear wall, to illustrate that the substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method can not only obtain the dynamic performance of the structure, but also characterize the structural displacement and force distributions under earthquake. In addition, the testing method can also obtain the drift-shear relationships of different stories. Therefore, the substructure pseudo-dynamic testing method is shown to be an effective tool for investigating the seismic behavior of complex tall buildings.
Keywords: substructure pseudo-dynamic testing；MDOF；PSD tested part；numerically operated part；complex tall building

E-mail: huangliang2003@yahoo.com.cn

有翼缘和竖向荷载的带洞口木框架剪力墙的试验研究

程海江¹ 倪 春² 吕西林¹
（1.同济大学,上海200092；2.Forintek Canada Corp., Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T1W5）

摘要：轻型木结构房屋在我国尚处于发展阶段，木框架剪力墙试验的目的是为我国轻型木结构房屋的推广和规范的修订提供理论和试验依据。木框架剪力墙是轻型木结构房屋中的主要抗侧力构件，研究木剪力墙的力学性能和黏滞阻尼特性是木结构房屋整体分析的基础。通过6片2.4m高6.0m长的无墙角锚栓的传统木框架剪力墙的单向和反复荷载试验，研究了竖向荷载、翼缘墙体和洞口尺寸对剪力墙的抗剪强度、弹性抗侧刚度、极限位移、墙骨柱上拔和耗能等的影响。结果表明，作用于横墙上的竖向荷载可以显著地提高剪力墙的各项性能，作用于翼缘墙体上的竖向荷载可以降低端部墙骨柱的上拔和部分提高剪力墙的抗剪强度和耗能，洞口尺寸的变化主要影响到墙体的极限位移。试件的破坏形态主要是钉节点的破坏和端部墙骨柱的上拔。
关键词：木结构；轻型木结构房屋；木框架剪力墙；反复荷载试验；钉连接

Performance of perforated wood-frame shear walls with transverse walls and vertical load

Cheng Haijiang¹ Ni Chun² Lü Xilin¹
（1. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092，China；
2. Forintek Canada Corp., Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T1W5）

Abstract: Light wood-frame structures are currently being developed in China. The purposes of the wood-frame shear wall tests are to promote the application of light wood-frame structures in China and to provide technical supports for the revision of China’s wood design codes. In this connection, six shear walls were tested under monotonic and cyclic loads, respectively, and the effects of the opening size, vertical load and flange wall on the strength, stiffness, ultimate displacement, stud lift and energy dissipation of the shear walls were studied. Test results indicate that the structural performance of the shear walls can be significantly improved due to the vertical load on the top of the shear walls, while the improvement due to the vertical load on the flange walls is slight. Different opening sizes have a direct impact on the ultimate displacement of the shear walls. Failure of the shear walls are mainly in the mode of nail connection failure and uplift of end studs.
Keywords: wood structure；light wood-frame structure；wood-frame shear wall；cyclic test；nail connection

E-mail: Chenghj@gmail.com

碳纤维布约束混凝土矩形柱的抗压性能研究

刘 涛^1,2 冯 伟² 张智梅^1,2 魏高峰³
（1. 上海大学，上海200072；2. 上海市应用数学和力学研究所，上海200072；
3. 山东轻工业学院，山东济南250100）

摘要：对碳纤维布约束的混凝土柱（从方形截面逐步过渡至圆形截面）进行了轴压性能试验。试验研究了碳纤维布约束混凝土柱的破坏形态及轴压应力与轴向、横向应变之间的变化曲线，确定了碳纤维布的有效应变系数。探讨了FRP材料约束混凝土矩形柱的侧向约束机理；提出了新的有效约束面积模型及侧向约束压力计算公式。基于现有试验研究成果，建立了碳纤维布约束混凝土矩形柱的抗压强度与峰值应变计算模型。针对碳纤维布充足约束混凝土矩形柱的应力－应变反应，提出了双线性理论模型，理论计算曲线与试验曲线基本吻合。
关键词：碳纤维布；混凝土矩形柱；侧向约束；有效应变系数；双线性模型

A study on the compressive performance of rectangular concrete
columns confined with CFRP sheets

Liu Tao^1,2 Feng Wei² Zhang Zhimei^1,2 Wei Gaofeng³
（1. Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072 ,China；
2. Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai 200072, China；
3. Shandong Institute of Light Industry, Jinan 250100 , China）

Abstract: Cross sections of concrete columns varying gradually from square to circular, wrapped with carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)sheets, were experimentally studied. The relationships between the axial compressive stress, axial and lateral strains of the concrete columns were analyzed, an efficiency factor of CFRP strain is proposed and the lateral confinement mechanism of FRP materials for rectangular columns is explored. New formulae for effective confinement area and lateral confinement pressure are proposed. Models for predicting compressive strength and its corresponding strain are developed on the basis of existing results. A bilinear stress-strain model is suggested for predicting the entire stress-strain curve of adequately CFRP-confined columns. The theoretical curves agree well with the experimental data.
Keywords: carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)sheet; rectangular concrete column; lateral confinement; efficiency factor of strain; bilinear model
E-mail: liutao27@staff.shu.edu.cn

钢筋混凝土异形柱高温下力学性能的数值模拟

吴 波 徐玉野
（华南理工大学，广东广州510640）

摘要：为研究高温下钢筋混凝土异形柱的力学性能，结合结构截面在力和温度作用下的非线性增量有限元分析方法和钢筋混凝土柱耐火极限简化分析方法，编制了钢筋混凝土异形柱高温反应的全过程分析程序RCSSCF。程序考虑了轴力的二阶效应，程序的有效性得到了其他学者试验结果的验证。提出混凝土卸载段的映射温度流动途径，以及应变切线模量、温度切线模量和时间切线模量的计算方法。利用该程序对具有相同横截面积的异形柱和方形柱的高温性能进行比较，包括截面温度大于500℃的损伤严重区域占全截面面积的比例和两端固端的异形柱和方形柱在四周受火和不同轴压比下的耐火极限。分析表明：异形柱的耐火性能明显低于方形柱，耐火极限受轴压比影响大；十字形柱的耐火性能比T形柱好，T形柱则又比L形柱好。
关键词：钢筋混凝土；异形柱；高温；力学性能；耐火极限；数值模拟

Numerical simulation of the mechanical behaviors of RC
columns of specially-shaped cross section subjected to high temperature

Wu Bo　Xu Yuye
(South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China)

Abstract: Based on the nonlinear incremental finite element method for reinforced concrete (RC) sections under the combined action of force and temperature and the simplified fire resistance analysis method for RC columns, an analytic code, RCSSCF, is developed for RC columns of specially-shaped (e.g., +, T and L-shaped) cross sections subjected to high temperature. The second-order effect of axial force is considered and the reliability of the code is validated by using the test results provided by other researchers. A method of“Temperature-Flow Mapping”is presented for the concrete when the stress is on the unloading straight line, and a method is provided for computing the strain tangent modulus, the temperature tangent modulus and the time tangent modulus. The performances of columns of different shaped cross sections exposed to fire are analyzed and compared, including the area percentage of the seriously damaged zone where the temperature exceeds 500℃ to the whole cross section and the fire resistance of columns with different axial load ratios. The studies indicate that:(a)the performance of special-shaped cross section columns performs worse under fire than a square cross section column;(b)the axial load ratio has a significant effect on the fire resistance of the columns of special-shaped cross sections; and(c)the fire resistance of the column of+shaped cross section is better than that of the column with T-shaped cross section, and the fire resistance of the column of T-shaped cross section is better than that of the column of L-shaped cross section.
Keywords: reinforced concrete; column with special-shaped cross section; high temperature; mechanical behavior; fire resistance; numerical simulation

E-mail: bowu@scut.edu.cn

芯钢管连接的钢管混凝土半连通边节点试验研究

王毅红¹　蒋建飞²　周绪红¹　付　敏¹　郭增辉¹
（1.长安大学，陕西西安710061；2. 广州金海设计有限公司，广东广州 510300）

摘要：提出一种芯钢管连接的钢管混凝土半连通边节点形式。该种节点在有梁的3个方向间断外钢管，设置芯钢管补偿间断外钢管对节点的削弱。在无梁一侧保持钢管混凝土柱的外钢管连通，梁中纵筋在节点直通，梁、柱、节点的混凝土一次整浇。通过模型试验，研究节点的破坏过程、破坏形态、梁和局部连通钢管的作用及试件各组成部分的荷载-应变关系。使用ANSYS程序对模型试件进行分析，试验结果和数值计算结果吻合良好，均证实了新型节点具有良好的强度和刚度，节点承载力大于所连接梁、柱的承载力。试件破坏时，节点芯钢管还具有较大的承载潜力。局部连通的钢管对节点混凝土有一定保护作用且有利于施工中上下钢管的对中。
关键词：钢管混凝土；节点；芯钢管；试验研究；有限元分析

Experimental study on semi-connected edge joint with core steel tube in CFST

Wang Yihong¹　Jiang Jianfei²　Zhou Xuhong¹　Fu Min¹　Guo Zenghui¹
(1.Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China;
2.Guangzhou Kinghi Design Firm, Guangzhou 510300, China )

Abstract: A new type of semi-connected edge joint with core steel tube which connects concrete filled steel tubular(CFST)column with RC beams was proposed. The joint has several attributes in construction, including that a reduced strength of the joint when the outer steel tube is broken-off in three directions connected with the beams and it is compensated by setting the core steel tube, the outer steel tube is kept connecting in other side without the beam, the longitudinal bars in the beams pass through the joint, and the concrete is monolithically cast in the region of joint. From the tests, a number of the joint behaviors were investigated, such as the failure process and failure formation, load-strain relationship of the specimens, the effect on joint by beams and its local connection with outer steel tube. The results of the model tests are in good agreement with that of finite-element analysis. It is also shown that the joint has good strength and rigidity, and the load-carrying capacity of the joint is greater than that of beams and columns. When the specimen failed, the core steel tube of the joint still shows its load-bearing capacity. The local connecting outer steel tube of the joint can take protective effect on the concrete of the joint and be beneficial for the butt connection of the column in construction.
Keywords: concrete filled steel tube(CFST); joint; core steel tube; experimental study; finite-element analysis

E-mail: Wangyh@chd.edu.cn

体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁力学性能研究

张　南¹　洪英维²
(1. 南京工业大学，江苏南京210009；2. 江西省交通设计院，江西南昌330002)

摘要：对一种新型的体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁与普通的钢箱-混凝土组合梁进行对比试验，研究这两种钢箱-混凝土组合梁受力过程中的应变分布、界面滑移、刚度、极限强度等力学性能的差异。试验证实，体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁比普通的钢箱-混凝土组合梁的刚度提高54.15%，极限强度提高27.72 %。由于体外索的作用，减少了钢箱-混凝土组合梁的脆性破坏程度，提高了结构的强度与刚度，使钢箱-混凝土组合梁的应变分布和增长更为合理。因此，体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁具有更好的力学性能。试验表明，截面应变沿宽度方向呈非线性分布，剪力滞效应随荷载的增加而变化，并不是常量。研究还发现，体外索应力与混凝土翼板最大压应变有密切的关系。在试验研究基础上，建立了截面非线性分析模型和体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁极限强度计算公式，计算的极限强度与试验结果符合很好，这为体外索钢箱-混凝土组合梁极限强度的理论分析和工程实际应用提供了有意义的参考和研究途径。
关键词：体外索；钢箱-混凝土组合梁；力学性能

Mechanical performance of steel-concrete composite box beams with external tendons

Zhang Nan¹　Hong Yingwei²
(1. Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China;
2. Communication Design Institute of J.X. Province, Nanchang 330002, China)

Abstract: A new type of steel-concrete composite box beam with external tendons is proposed, and experimentally compared with common steel-concrete composite box beams, to determine the difference in the mechanical performance of steel-concrete composite box beams with and without external tendons, such as strain distribution, interface slip, stiffness and ultimate strength, etc. The experiment results prove that the stiffness and the ultimate strength of the steel-concrete composite box beam are increased by 54.15 % and 27.72 %, respectively, through using external tendons. As a result of the external tendons, the degree of brittle failure of the steel-concrete composite box beam is reduced, the structural strength and stiffness is improved, and the distribution and increment of strains in the sections are more rational, indicating a better mechanical performance. The study demonstrates that the section strain along the width is nonlinearly distributed and that the effect of the shear lag is not constant and changes with the increment of the load. It is also found that there is a close relationship between the stress in external tendon and the maximum compressive strain of the concrete flange slab. Based on the experiment results, a nonlinear analysis model and the calculation equations of the ultimate strength of steel-concrete composite box beams with external tendons are established. There is good agreement between the calculated and experimentally measured ultimate strength.
Keywords: external tendon; steel-concrete composite box beam; mechanical performance
E-mail: jiaodazhang@126.com

索-拱组合结构中斜拉索的非线性参数振动

赵跃宇　吕建根
(湖南大学，湖南长沙 410082)

摘要：索-拱组合结构是大跨度拱桥施工过程中非常重要的临时结构。对大跨度拱桥施工过程中普遍存在的索-拱组合结构建立了非线性力学模型，考虑由于索的初始垂度、大位移而引起的几何非线性因素的影响，推导索-拱组合结构的非线性运动方程，对索-拱组合结构的边界条件与连接条件进行了简化，拱在连接处的边界条件被简化为用索的抗拉刚度表示的径向弹性支撑，拱在连接处的运动作为对索的周期性激励，建立索的非线性参数振动方程，运用多尺度摄动方法，对拉索可能发生的参数共振和亚谐波共振进行了理论研究和数值分析，确定了索-拱组合结构中拉索参数共振和亚谐波共振的影响因素及发生条件。研究结果表明，在拱的低阶局部振动频率处于一定区域时，拱的小幅振动能够激发拉索的大幅度运动，影响大跨度拱桥施工过程中索-拱组合结构的稳定性和安全性，对于一个给定阻尼和频率比的系统，足够小的激励幅值能够有效避免系统发生参数共振。
关键词：索-拱组合结构；斜拉索；参数共振；亚谐波共振

Non-linear parametric vibration of cables in cable-arch composite structures

Zhao Yueyu　　Lü Jiangen
(Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)

Abstract: Cable-arch composite structures are important temporary structures during the erection of the long-span arch bridges. A nonlinear mechanical model is presented for the parametric vibration of cable-arch composite structures. The nonlinear equations of motion of cable-arch composite structures are derived, the static sag of the cable as well as the geometric nonlinearity is considered, and a simple connection condition and boundary condition of the cable-arch composite structures are applied. Using the multi-scale perturbation method, the parametric and sub-harmonic resonances of cables are analyzed. These results indicate that small scale vibration of the arches may stimulate the cables to undergo large scale movements when the local vibration frequency of the arches is within certain limits, it affects the cable-arch structure and the stability and security in the process of long-span arch bridge constructions. For a system with the damping and the frequency ratio given, sufficiently low excitation amplitudes may avoid system parametric resonance.
Keywords: cable-arch composite structure；cable；parametric resonance；subharmonic resonance

E-mail: lvjiangen77@yahoo.com.cn

CFRP吊索钢管混凝土系杆拱桥模型试验研究

曹国辉^1,2 方　志¹ 周先雁³
（1. 湖南大学，湖南长沙410082；2. 湖南城市学院，湖南益阳413000；
3. 中南林业科技大学，湖南长沙410004）

摘要：碳纤维筋（CFRP）具有优良的物理力学性能，可作为钢管混凝土系杆拱桥中的吊索。一种CFRP筋的树脂封装型锚具也已开发，它可调整CFRP吊索索力大小，并有可能应用于CFRP吊索钢管混凝土系杆拱桥。本文的试验研究对钢管拱桥模型及钢管混凝土拱桥模型的受力与变形性能分别进行了测试与对比分析。在系梁施加预应力过程中，对CFRP吊索拉力、系梁与钢管拱的竖向挠曲变形及应力的变化进行了测试。与钢管混凝土拱桥相比，相近荷载作用下钢管拱桥吊索拉力较大，系梁的竖向变形较大，钢拱相应截面的压应力较大，系梁裂缝宽度较大。试验结果表明CFRP吊索钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的受力与变形性能较好，为CFRP吊索在系杆拱桥中的推广应用提供了一系列试验依据。
关键词：碳纤维；吊索；钢管混凝土；系杆拱桥

Experimental study on concrete-filled steel tube tied-arch bridge with CFRP hangers

Cao Guohui^1,2　 Fang Zhi¹　 Zhou Xianyan³
(1.Hunan University,Changsha 410082,China；2.Hunan City University,Yiyang 413000,China；
3.Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004,China)

Abstract: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)tendons have excellent physical and mechanical properties, it can be used as hangers on concrete-filled steel tube tie-arch bridges. A kind of resin bond type anchors has also been developed; it can adjust tension of CFRP hangers and may be applied in concrete-filled steel tube tied-arch bridges. In the present paper some tests on steel tube arch bridge model and concrete-filled steel tube arch bridge model are introduced respectively, their mechanical and geometrical behaviors were tested and compared. During tied-beam prestressing the tension forces of CFRP hangers, vertical deflection and stresses of tied-beam and steel tube arch were measured. Comparing with steel tube arch bridges, the tension forces of hangers, vertical deflections of tied-beam, compressive stresses of steel tube, cracking widths of tied-beam of concrete-filled steel tube arch bridges under similar load are all smaller. It shows that mechanical and geometrical behaviors of concrete-filled steel tube arch bridges are better than those of steel tube arch bridges. The tests also provide a series of experimental data for the application of CFRP hangers in concrete-filled steel tube tied-arch bridges.
Keywords: carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP); hangers; concrete-filled steel tube; tied-arch bridge

E-mail: cgfcivil@163.com

应用碳纤维缆索的大跨度悬索桥抗风稳定性研究

张新军　应磊东
（浙江工业大学，浙江杭州310014）

摘要：为了探讨碳纤维复合材料缆索在大跨度悬索桥中应用的可能性，以主缆等轴向刚度为原则，拟定了一座主跨为1490 m的碳纤维复合材料主缆悬索桥，并运用三维非线性计算理论进行了空气静力和动力稳定性分析。通过与同跨度钢主缆悬索桥的比较，讨论了不同主缆材料对大跨度悬索桥抗风稳定性的影响。分析结果表明：大跨度悬索桥采用碳纤维复合材料主缆后，静风作用下结构的变形增大，但其静风稳定性却与钢主缆悬索桥基本接近；由于结构自振频率特别是扭转频率有显著的提高，使得其空气动力稳定性要比钢主缆悬索桥好。因此从抗风稳定性角度而言，大跨度悬索桥采用碳纤维复合材料主缆是可行的，但是主缆截面尺寸的确定应采用等轴向刚度的准则。
关键词：大跨度悬索桥；碳纤维复合材料主缆；空气静力稳定性；空气动力稳定性

Wind stability of long-span suspension bridges using carbon fiber reinforced polymer cables

Zhang Xinjun　Ying Leidong
(Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China)

Abstract: To understand the applicability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) cables for long-span suspension bridges, the aerostatic and aerodynamic stability of a suspension bridge having a main-span of 1490m using CFRP cables is studied by using 3-D nonlinear analyses. The cross-sectional area of the cables is determined by the principle of equivalent axial stiffness. In comparison with a bridge using steel cables, the effects of different cable materials on wind stability of the bridge are discussed. The results indicate that with CFRP cables, the structural deformation of long-span suspension bridges is increased under static wind action. However, the aerostatic stability of the bridge is basically the same as that of the bridge using steel cables. On the other hand, due to the remarkable increase in torsional frequency, the aerodynamic stability of the bridge is superior to that of the bridge using steel cables. Therefore as far as wind stability is concerned, the use of CFRP cables in long-span suspension bridges is feasible, and the cross-sectional area of the cables should be determined by using the principle of equivalent axial stiffness.
Keywords: long-span suspension bridge; carbon fiber reinforced polymer cable; aerostatic stability; aerodynamic stability

E-mail: xjzhang@zjut.edu.cn

基于梁格法的桥梁移动荷载识别

李忠献　陈　锋
（天津大学，天津300072）

摘要：针对公路桥梁与城市立交中普遍采用的梁桥结构，建立了基于梁格法的桥梁移动荷载识别模型。推导了移动荷载作用下的梁桥空间运动方程，运用子空间迭代法求解桥梁的离散振型；利用Newmark- β逐步积分法得到桥梁的模拟响应，并通过结合样条函数逼近法与截断奇异值分解正则化方法得到移动荷载的稳定解。数值模拟了一简支组合梁桥和一单箱三室混凝土连续箱梁桥上移动时变力和车桥接触力的识别，考虑了噪声、偏载、桥面不平度等因素。结果表明：通过符合等效原则的、合理的网格划分，梁格模型可准确地模拟梁桥的车桥相互作用；基于梁格法的移动荷载识别模型是可靠的，计算效率高、应用范围广。
关键词：桥梁；移动荷载识别；梁格法；样条函数逼近法；截断奇异值分解；正则化

Identification of moving loads on bridges using a grillage model

Li Zhongxian　　Chen Feng
(Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China)

Abstract: For girders generally used in highway bridges and urban overpasses, a novel method based on a grillage model is proposed to identify moving loads on bridges. The equations of motion of a bridge model under the action of moving loads are derived, and the discrete modes and modal parameters of the bridge are obtained by using the subspace-iteration algorithm. The simulated responses of the bridge are obtained by employing the Newmark-β step-by-step integration method, subsequently stable solutions for the moving loads are obtained by combining the spline function approximation method with a truncated singular value decomposition regularization method. Identification for the time-variant force on a simply supported composite girder and the contact force on a three-cell continuous concrete girder is numerically simulated, considering such factors as noise, load eccentricity and road roughness. The simulated results indicate that the grillage model can indeed simulate the vehicle-bridge interaction of girder bridges via a rational mesh and the principle of equivalence. The proposed moving load identification method based on the grillage model is reliable, efficient and applicable to a wide range of brdiges.
Keywords: bridge; moving load identification; grillage model; spline function approximation; truncated singular value decomposition; regularization
E-mail: zxli@tju.edu.cn

圆截面RC桥墩曲率极限状态和延性的概率分析

王建民　朱　晞
（北京交通大学，北京100044）

摘要：从变形能力的不确定方面研究了圆截面钢筋混凝土桥墩曲率极限状态和曲率延性系数。把截面的材料参数和几何尺寸看作随机变量，采用拉丁超立方体抽样模拟法分析了在不同的轴压比、纵筋配筋率和配箍率下桥墩截面无量纲屈服、服务和破坏控制曲率极限状态的概率特性。结果表明，截面的无量纲曲率极限状态近似服从正态分布，轴压比是影响无量纲屈服和服务水平曲率极限状态均值的主要因素；轴压比和配箍率是影响无量纲破坏控制水平曲率极限状态均值的主要因素；无量纲曲率极限状态的变异系数随着截面变形的增加而增加。另外，还分析了桥墩截面在服务和破坏控制极限状态下曲率延性系数的概率分布特征值，通过回归分析提出了用桥墩截面设计参数计算曲率延性系数特征值的近似计算公式。
关键词：桥墩；曲率；延性；极限状态；概率分析；拉丁超立方体抽样模拟

Probability analysis of the curvature limit state and ductility of circular RC bridge piers

Wang Jianmin　　Zhu Xi
(Beijing Jiaotong University，Beijing 100044，China)

Abstract: The curvature limit state and curvature ductility factor of circular reinforced concrete bridge piers are investigated in terms of the uncertainty in deformation capacity. Material and geometric parameters are modeled as random variables, and using the LHS simulation, the probabilistic parameters of the limit states of dimensionless yielding, serviceability and damage control curvature are calculated for different axial load ratios, longitudinal reinforcement ratios and transverse reinforcement ratios. The results indicate that the dimensionless curvature limit state generally follows a normal distribution, that the axial load ratio is the main factor affecting the mean value of the dimensionless yielding and serviceability curvature limit states, and that the axial load ratio and transverse reinforcement ratio are the crucial factors associated with the dimensionless damage control curvature limit state. Furthermore, the characteristic values of the curvature ductility factors for the serviceability and the damage control limit states are obtained, and two equations for estimating the characteristic values of the curvature ductility factors are developed through regression analysis.
Keywords: bridge column; curvature; ductility; limit state; probabilistic analysis; Latin hypercube sampling simulation

E-mail: wangwujianmin@163.com

成层地基中倾斜偏心荷载下基桩位移特性室内模型试验研究

赵明华¹　李微哲^1,2　杨明辉¹　单远铭¹
(1. 湖南大学，湖南长沙410082；2. 江西省交通设计院，江西南昌330002)

摘要：为研究地面以上桩自由长度、桩身刚度、桩身微倾斜角度等因素对基桩位移特性的影响，以黏土模拟软弱土层，砂土模拟下卧持力层，自行设计自平衡装置施加倾斜偏心荷载，进行倾斜偏心荷载下两组6根木质柔性桩室内模型试验。试验结果表明，倾斜偏心荷载下基桩位移表现出明显的非线性，在受荷过程中，倾斜荷载、水平荷载、竖向荷载、地面处桩身水平位移、桩顶水平位移与桩顶转角均满足一定的规律。最后，提出了倾斜偏心荷载下基桩位移计算半经验公式，实测结果表明，理论计算结果与实测结果误差一般小于15%。
关键词：模型试验；模型桩；成层地基；微倾斜；倾斜偏心荷载；非线性；P-Δ效应

A model test study on displacement of piles under inclined and eccentric loads in layered soils

Zhao Minghua¹　Li Weizhe^1,2　Yang Minghui¹　Shan Yuanming¹
(1. Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China；
2. Communications Design Institute of J.X. Province, Nanchang 330002, China)

Abstract: Model tests of 6 timber piles in two groups, with clay simulating upper soft soil and sand simulating bearing stratum, were conducted through a self-designed self-balancing apparatus for inclined and eccentric loading. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of free pile length above ground, pile stiffness and eccentricity on the displacement of piles. Analysis of the test results illustrates that the displacement of piles under inclined and eccentric loads is obviously nonlinear. A semi-empirical formula is presented for calculating the displacement of piles under both eccentric and inclined loads, with a relative error being under 15%.
Keywords: model test; model pile; layered soils; slight inclination; eccentric and inclined load; non-linear; P-Δ effect

E-mail: mhzhaohd@21cn.com

新型岩土地质力学模型试验系统的研制及应用

张强勇¹　李术才¹　尤春安²
(1.山东大学，山东济南250061；2．山东科技大学，山东青岛266400）

摘要：根据地质力学模型试验的特点，研制出一种新型岩土地质力学模型试验系统，该系统主要由盒式台架装置、带扁千斤顶的变荷加载板、液压加载控制试验台组成。其中盒式台架装置用于容纳试验模型并作为加载反力装置，带扁千斤顶的变荷加载板用于给试验模型施加非均布荷载，液压加载控制试验台用于试验模型的自动加压与稳压。该系统具有规模大、整体稳定性好、尺寸可调、能进行同步非均匀加载，并具有加荷高、升压快速、持荷稳定的优点。将该系统应用于某一高速公路大型分岔隧道的三维地质力学模型试验研究，试验结果有效指导和优化了工程的设计和施工。
关键词：地质力学模型试验系统；盒式台架装置；变荷加载板；液压加载控制试验台；分岔隧道三维试验模型

On geotechnical-geomechanics model test system and its application

Zhang Qiangyong¹　Li Shucai¹　You Chun’an²
(1. Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China;
2. Shandong Science and Technology University, Qingdao 266400, China)

Abstract: A new type of geomechanics model test system is developed. The system includes box-type rack installation, load-change plate with flat jacks, and hydraulic pressure control test-bed. The box-type rack installation is for holding test model and providing reaction-force, the load-change plate with flat jacks for exerting non-uniform pressure to the model, and the hydraulic pressure control test-bed for exerting pressure and automatically stabilizing pressure. The system possesses several outstanding advantages, such as large-scale loading, good stability, variable specimen sizes, synchronous non-uniform loading, and fast time-dependent loading. The system has been applied to a 3-D geomechanics model test of a large-scale project involving bifurcated tunnels. Design and construction of the project has been effectively guided and optimized by use of the test results.
Keywords: geomechanics model test system; box-type rack installation; load-change plate; hydraulic pressure control test-bed; 3-D test model of bifurcation tunnel

E-mail: qiangyongz@sdu.edu.cn

隧道单车压力波数值模拟验证研究

王　磊¹　万晓艳²　余南阳¹　吴　健²
（1. 西南交通大学，四川成都 610031；2. 中铁西南科学研究院，四川成都 610031）

摘要：数值模拟在隧道压力波研究中能灵活模拟不同的工况，并且在费用方面与现车试验、实验室模拟试验相比有不可替代的优越性，因此越来越受到研究人员和隧道设计单位的重视和关注。但国内数值模拟软件因缺乏现车试验数据的支持，故其可靠性一直备受争议。为验证我校自主开发的数值模拟软件，笔者对不同车型以不同车速通过遂渝高速铁路线上的荆竹岭和松林堡两个隧道时产生的隧道压力波进行数值模拟，并将模拟结果与遂渝高速铁路现车试验数据加以比较。结果表明：模拟结果的波形变化规律和趋势与现车试验结果基本一致，且隧道压力波最大值和最小值的误差小于5%，满足工程应用要求，成功验证了该数值模拟软件的可靠性和先进性，最后笔者对误差来源进行分析，为进一步改进和完善该数值模拟软件指出了方向。
关键词：隧道压力波；隧道；应用软件；特征线法

Research study on prediction of pressure waves in tunnels

Wang Lei¹　Wan Xiaoyan²　Yu Nanyang¹　Wu Jian²
(1. Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu610031, China；
2.Southwest Research Institute of china Railway Engineering, Chengdu 610031,China)

Abstract: The method of numerical simulation has become more and more important, because it can calculate the pressure wave at different operation conditions and can result in considerable cost-saving than the field experiment and model test method. However, some arguments do exist about the reliability of the approach in china because of the scarcity in filed experimental data. In order to verify the reliability of the numerical simulation program for predicting the pressure waves in tunnel proposed by the authoer, tunnel pressure waves caused by different train through Jingzhuling and Songlinbao tunnels at different speeds were calculated and the simulated results were compared with experimental data of Sui-Yu high-speed railway. The results showed that the maximum and minimum errors between the measurements and the computations are less than 5%, which can meet the allowance for engineering application. This proved that the numerical simulation program of the tunnel pressure waves was accurate and reliable. At last, the author analyzed the origin of error, which pointed out the direction to improve and perfect the numerical simulation program.
Keywords: air pressure wave; tunnel; applied software; method of characteristics
E-mail: wangleihello@163.com

城市信号控制交叉口右转专用车道通行能力分析

马泽丹　杨新苗
(清华大学，北京 100084)

摘要：由于受到行人及自行车的干扰，我国城市交叉口右转专用车道的服务水平受到很大影响，其通行能力的估算是混合交通流影响研究的重要内容。通过对国内外关于交叉口混合交通的研究，分析城市信号交叉口混合流影响的阻滞机理，通过对北京市数个典型交叉口的调查观测，提出基于时间分离和空间划分的右转车道通行能力计算方法。在实际观测调查的基础上，比较所提计算方法与美国道路通行能力手册（HCM2000）中计算模型所得出的不同计算值。由于合理考虑了混合交通的干扰，使时空划分方法所得计算值与实际观测情况比较接近，较好描述了右转专用车道在混合流条件下的通行能力损失。对于城市交叉口的交通设计及混合流冲突行为的研究有一定借鉴意义。
关键词：右转车道；混合交通流；通行能力

A study on the capacity of exclusive right-turn lanes of at-grade intersections

Ma Zedan　　Yang Xinmiao
(Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract: Although vehicles are allowed to make right turn at a signalized intersection, the interfused pedestrian and cyclist has seriously interrupted the right turn movement. Based on field investigations at several typical intersections in Beijing, the right-turn vehicle behavior, including the conflict between bike and cars, delay and lane capacity, is analyzed. A spatial-temporal partition method is proposed, to estimate the capacity reduction and delay of the right-turn lane. Using the case studies on several typical intersections in Beijing, a comparison between the proposed model and the HCM method indicates that the spatial-temporal partition method is closer to reality.
Keywords: right turn lane; mixed traffic; capacity

E-mail: mzd@mails.thu.edu.cn

不同结局建筑施工项目关键因素实证分析

黄定轩^1,2　尤建新¹　杜　波²
（1. 同济大学，上海200092；2. 青岛建设集团，山东青岛266071）

摘要：针对建筑施工项目关键因素定量分析的不足，提出了一个描述不同结局建筑施工项目关键因素的结构方程理论模型。在收集中国多个地方的建筑施工项目样本数据的基础上，利用结构方程模型软件对不同结局建筑施工项目作了检验。研究结果表明：项目和谐合作因素、项目过程管理创新性因素、项目准备因素、风险分担因素、相互了解因素、承诺与激励因素、沟通因素在不同结局的建筑施工项目中的影响显著不同，其中项目和谐合作对成功建筑施工项目有最重要的影响，而承诺与激励则在非成功建筑施工项目中有最大的影响。根据中国多地的建筑施工项目样本数据，证明研究结论具有较高的精度，可推广应用于建筑施工项目管理。
关键词：建筑施工项目；关键因素；结构方程模型；不同结局

Empirical analysis on the critical factors of construction projects with different results

Huang Dingxuan^1,2　You Jianxin¹　Du Bo²
(1. TongJi University, Shanghai 200092, China;
2. Qingdao Construction Group, Qingdao 266071, China)

Abstract: Based on a structural equation model (SEM), an academic model is proposed for the critical factors of construction projects with different results. This method overcomes the shortcoming of quantitative analysis on the critical factors of construction projects. The SEM software is employed to test the construction project samples with different results from different places in China. The results indicate that different factors, such as harmonic cooperation in project, innovative project course management, project preparing, risk sharing, mutual understanding, promise and stimulation, communication, all have distinct effects on the construction projects, among which, harmonic cooperation is the most important critical factor in the successful construction projects, by contrast, promise and stimulation are the most important influential factors in the unsuccessful construction projects. The quantitative analyses are in good agreement with the construction project samples from different places in China.
Keywords: construction project; critical factor; structural equation model; different result

E-mail: huangdingxuan@126.com

2008奥运场馆建设风险管理工具——风险表的建立

祝迪飞¹ 方东平¹ 王守清¹ 戴孟东² 吕小泉²
（1. 清华大学，北京100084；2. 北京奥组委，北京100083）

摘要：2008北京奥运场馆建设风险管理系统包括两部分：风险管理的工具和风险管理的工作框架。风险管理工具包括风险表（Risk Register）和项目风险预警系统；工作框架主要包括风险管理的工作流程和相应的组织机构。着重介绍已经完成的有关风险表的工作，明确定义2008奥运场馆建设目标，进行风险识别，并从识别出的242个风险因素中选取112个重要风险因素，建立风险分解结构，对44个直接风险因素制定处置措施，并明确风险管理责任单位，形成奥运场馆建设风险表。
关键词：奥运场馆建设；风险管理；风险表

On risk register for construction of 2008 Olympic venues

Zhu Difei¹　Fang Dongping¹　Wang Shouqing¹　Dai Mengdong²　Lü Xiaoquan²
(1. Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2.Beijing Organizing Committee for the 29th Olympic Games, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract: The 2008 Olympic venues construction risk management system consists of two portions: risk management tools (risk register and project risk assessment system) and risk management framework(work procedure and organization structure). This paper focuses on the development of the risk register. The objectives of 2008 Olympic venues construction program were established and 242 risks were identified. After the risk evaluation and significance ranking, 112 critical risks were extracted from the identified risks, which were then structured to develop a risk breakdown structure. Mitigation measures for and the owners of each direct risk were proposed. The developed risk register has been used to assist the management of risks for the Olympic venues construction program.
Keywords: Olympic venues construction; risk management; risk register

E-mail: zdfei00@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn