ABSTRACT

Study on the bond behavior of CFRP sheets to steel

Yang Yongxin　 Yue Qingrui　 Peng Fuming
(Central Research Institute of Building and Construction, MCC Group, Beijing 100088, China)

Abstract: There are several advantages in bonding carbon fiber sheets adhesively on　 deteriorated steel members than the traditional repair methods, such as, no stress concentrations, no residual stress, easy to construct and low maintenance cost. The bond behavior between carbon fiber sheets and steel affects the effectiveness of strengthening, but research on this subject is still lacking in China. Tensile tests of steel plates repaired with carbon fiber sheets were conducted. Different carbon fiber sheets and anchorage methods were adopted. The yielding loads and ultimate loads of the repaired specimens were measured. Failure modes of the specimens were analyzed. Tests results indicated that the yielding load of the repaired specimens increased obviously. The tensile strains of the carbon fiber sheets were measured. The bond stress distribution between the carbon fiber sheets and the steel plates and the effective bond length of the carbon fiber sheets were obtained. The calculation results were in good agreement with the experimental data.
Keywords: carbon fiber sheet; tensile strain; bond stress; effective bond length
E-mail: yangyongxin@tsinghua.org.cn

Elasto-plastic stability of single-layer reticulated domes

Cao Zhenggang　 Fan Feng　 Shen Shizhao
(Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150090，China)

Abstract: In order to further understand the elastic and elasto-plastic stability behaviors of single-layer reticulated domes under static loads, typical cases of single-layer reticulated domes are analyzed and compared by using the finite element software, ANSYS.　 Based on the results, more than 1000 elastic and elasto-plastic complete-process analyses for the Kiewitt single-layer reticulated domes have been carried out to study the influence of various factors, such as initial geometry imperfection and unsymmetrical action of loads, and quantitative results were obtained. Through a statistical analysis of elastic and elasto-plastic stability critical loads, a plasticity reduction coefficient for the Kiewitt single-layer reticulated domes is proposed to reveal the influence of material nonlinearity on critical loads.
Keywords: single layer reticulated dome；stability；critical load；nonlinearity；static load；elasto-plastic
E-mail: caohit@hit.edu.cn

Experimental study on the long-term behavior of self-compacting concrete beams

Yu Zhiwu　 Liu Xiaojie
（Central South University, Changsha 410075, China）

Abstract: This paper reports the test results of 13 self-compacting concrete (SCC) beams. The effects of the degree of solidification of concrete at early stage of loading, the prestress force and the degree of indeterminacy on the long-term behavior of self-compacting concrete beams are investigated. Experimental study and theoretical analysis indicate that: (1) the variability of test results for the same group of SCC beams is very small, attributing to the good quality of SCC, (2) the degree of solidification of concrete at early age of loading, the prestress force and the degree of indeterminacy have great impacts on the long-term behavior of self-compacting concrete beams, (3) the deflection creep coefficient of SCC beams is between 1.0 and 1.8, thus extra preventions considering shrinkage and creep behavior are probably not needed, and (4) the test beams are modeled by section analysis using a modified MC 90 creep and shrinkage model and a age-adjusted effective modulus method. The calculated results agree well with the tests.
Keywords: self-compacting concrete；beam；long-term deformation；experiment
E-mail: zhwyu@mail.csu.edu.cn

The new GR crack extension resistance as a fracture criterion for
complete crack propagation in concrete structures

Xu Shilang　 Zhang Xiufang
（Dalian University of Technology，Dalian 116024，China）

Abstract: It is well known that the mechanical performance of concrete structures is closely associated with the propagation of cracks. Three crack extension resistance theories for describing concrete fracture toughening phenomena are summarized, and based on the concept of crack cohesive force, a new analytical extension resistance model, named GR model, is proposed for investigating the resistance variation with crack propagation during fracturing in concrete. In this model, the energy approach is utilized and the crack extension resistance is decomposed into three parts: the surface energy needed to overcome in the extension of cracks in the hardened cement paste, the energy consumed to resist the cohesive traction of fine aggregate in fracture zone, and the energy dissipated to overcome the cohesive traction of coarse aggregate in fracture zone. The contribution provided by cohesive traction in the fracture zone induced by both fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to R resistance is derived in detail. An analytical formula for calculating the R resistance is developed for different ranges. From the experimental results, the typical GR curve is obtained. The result indicates that the proposed new GR extension resistance has no dependence on the size of the specimens tested, and thus is a fundamental mechanical parameter of the material. And a new fracture criterion applicable for the entire crack propagation process in concrete is constructed.
Keywords: crack cohesive force；new GR extension resistance；fracture criterion；concrete；crack propagation process
E-mail: slxu@dlut.edu.cn

Modal analysis of moderately thick plates by element-free method

Sun Jiandong¹　 Zhang Weixing²　 Tong Lewei¹
(1. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;　 2. Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, China)

Abstract: The element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) is successfully applied to the modal analysis of moderately thick plates. The shape function of high-order continuity is formulated by means of the weight function. A method to incorporate the adaptive influential radius in the weight function is proposed. Based on the variation principle, the governing equation for modal analysis of plates is derived from the Mindlin-Reissner plate theory. Using the penalty function method, the stiffness matrix, a real symmetric positive definite matrix, is derived. This method may solve the vibration problem of moderately thick plates with different boundary conditions and may obtain its free frequencies and the corresponding vibration mode curves. A computer code of EFGM with post-processing is developed, by means of which, one may obtain the vibration mode curves under the MATLAB software to study the vibration characteristic of the plate. Numerical examples show that the EFGM is feasible and accurate.
Keywords: element-free Galerkin method; moderately thick plate; modal analysis; penalty function
E-mail: sunjd2001@163.com

Seismic force modification factors for structures with modified-Clough hysteretic model

Zhao Yongfeng　 Tong Genshu
(Zhejiang University，Hangzhou 310027, China)

Abstract: Based on an elasto-plastic time-history earthquake analysis of a single degree of freedom system (SDOF), the seismic force modification factor R of the modified-Clough (MC) model, which can be employed to represent structures that exhibit stiffness degradation when subjected to cyclic loading, is investigated. A total of 370 earthquake records from 4 sites are employed to calculate the structure response and the factor R for different structure periods, ductility, damping ratios and the post-yield stiffness ratios. It is found that the most important factor in determining R is the ductility, while both damping and the post yield stiffness have a minor effect in the short period range. The R spectra are normalized by using the characteristic period Tg of the ground motion to maintain the peak behavior near Tg. Simplified formulae are proposed for the R spectra. Three other hysteretic models, including elastic perfectly-plastic(EPP), shear-slipped(SSP) and bilinear elastic(BIL), are analyzed to examine the effect of energy-dissipating capacity and stiffness degradation on the R spectra, and the results, together with the R spectra for MC model, are compared. It is found that the energy dissipating capacity has nearly no effect on the R spectra in the middle-to-long period range. This provides an explanation on the recent American practice that emphasizes more on the ductility than on the energy dissipating capacity. Comparison between EPP and MC models indicates a smaller strength requirement for the latter model within medium periods.
Keywords: seismic design; seismic force modification factor; the modified-Clough model; ductility
E-mail: tonggs@zju.edu.cn

An advanced structural morphosis technique
——Extended evolutionary structural optimization method and its engineering applications

Cui Changyu¹　 Yan Hui²
(1. Sasaki Structural Consultants, Nagoya4680021, Japan；2. Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027,China)

Abstract: The design of architectural forms by using structural computations is helpful for architects at the schematic design stage. Derived from the principle of “nature evolution”, a new structural morphosis method is put forward. The finite element approach is employed to analyze the relevant structural mechanical properties such as the von Mises stress distribution. Resistance efficiencies of local areas are further evaluated by analyzing the contour lines or surfaces. The original structural geometry is modified iteratively by“preserving, eliminating or increasing” those areas according to their contributions to the structural resistance, so that a rational architectural form can be obtained. Two practical engineering designs obtained from this method are analyzed in detail. The choice of original structural geometry is also discussed, aiming at improving the evolving efficiency. With this method, the change of different kinds of design parameters, such as constraint or space conditions, may create different architectural forms, which is beneficial for designers. Generally, an architectural form constructed by using this method can keep the structure in a mostly uniform axial-stress state and with the bending moment controlled. The validity and practicability of the method are discussed.
Keywords: shape optimization；structural optimization；nonlinear programming
E-mail:　 1.ccy@topaz.ocn.ne.jp ；2.yanhuihang@zju.edu.cn

Experimental study on spalling of concrete of prestressed slabs in fire

Zheng Wenzhong　 Xu Mingxin　 Shi Dongsheng　 Hu Qiong
（Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China）

Abstract: If the concrete of a prestressed slab spalls in fire, the reinforcement will be exposed to flame, and the slab would soon lose its bearing capacity due to breaking of reinforcement caused by burning. Fire experiments are conducted on fourteen simply supported unbonded prestressed concrete slabs, one simply supported pretensioned prestressed concrete slab and nine two-span prestressed concrete continuous slabs. The spalling of concrete, breaking of tension　 reinforcements, distribution and development of cracks for 8 simple slabs and 3 continuous slabs are described. Preliminary conclusions are: concrete spalls more easily or more seriously when the compressive stress is higher or the tensile stress is lower in the surface exposed to fire, and when the strength of concrete and water content in concrete at normal temperature are higher. Based on the test results, two expressions of top envelope curve for concrete spalling are presented by taking the average standard concrete cubic strength at normal temperature as the x-axis and the normal stress level of concrete extreme fiber in pre-compression zone of slab in fire as the y-axis, and taking the water content in concrete at normal temperature as the x-axis and the normal stress level of concrete extreme fiber in pre-compression zone of slab in fire as the y-axis; to facilitate design and application, two expressions of top envelope curve of concrete spalling are presented by taking the average standard concrete cubic strength at normal temperature as the x-axis and normal stress level of concrete extreme fiber in pre-compression zone of slab at normal temperature as the y-axis, and taking the water content in concrete at normal temperature as the x-axis and normal stress level of concrete extreme fiber in pre-compression zone of slab at normal temperature as the y-axis.
Keywords: fire; prestressed slab; concrete; water percentage; spalling
E-mail: zhengwenzhong@hit.edu.cn

Wind tunnel test on an aeroelastic model of grandstand cantilevered
roof of large stadium and features of wind-induced response

Gu Ming　 Zhu Chuanhai
（State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China）

Abstract: Grandstand cantilevered roofs of large stadiums have become a kind of typical wind-sensitive structures due to their flexible and light features. Also due to the features, the design and manufacture of the aeroelastic model are difficult although the kind of models are effective to investigate responses of the structures under strong wind actions, and thus has been seldom used in practical application. A real grandstand cantilevered roof of large stadium is taken as the prototype of the present study. The aeroelastic model of the roof structure is designed and manufactured, and the wind tunnel test is then carried out. The test results are further compared with the computed results which have also been made by the authors to verify the reliability of the model and the test results. Some important conclusions are finally summarized.
Keywords: grandstand cantilevered roof of stadium；aeroelastic model；wind-induced response；wind tunnel test
E-mail: minggu@mail.tongji.edu.cn

A study on the adhesive shear performance of steel plates bonded by carbon fiber reinforced polymer

Lu Yiyan　 Zhang Haojun　 Liu Suli
（Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China）

Abstract: Combination strengthening RC structures with carbon fiber reinforced polymer and steel plate is a new rehabilitation method, in which the effective bond between steel plate and CFRP is critical. An experimental study was conducted on the shear behaviors of 11 groups of specimens. The stress distribution characteristics, failure process and mechanism were investigated. The influence of width, thickness and adhesive length of CFRP on the adhesive shear properties was analyzed. The results indicate that the effective adhesive length increases with the number of CFRP layers. The width and the adhesive length have no effect on the effective adhesive length. The ultimate bond capacity increases linearly with the width of CFRP, until the adhesive length surpasses the effective adhesive length.　 Moreover, the ductility can be improved with increasing adhesive length. Based on the experimental study, calculation formulas for ultimate bond capacity and the effective adhesive length are established. The theoretical calculation results are consistent with the experimental ones.
Keywords: carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)；steel plate；combination strengthening；shear performance
E-mail: yylu901@163.com

Mechanical behavior and fatigue reliability of tensile anchor plate structure in the cable-beam anchorage zones of cable-stayed bridges

Ren Weiping　 Qiang Shizhong　 Li Xiaozhen　 Li Jun
（Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China）

Abstract: Stress concentrations and uncertain fatigue performance are the primary problems for tensile anchor plates at cable-beam anchorage zones in cable-stayed bridges. In order to investigate the mechanical behavior and fatigue reliability of the structures, a full-scale static-load model test and a fatigue model test of the tensile anchor plate structure of the Zhanjiang Gulf bridge ( a cable-stayed bridge in Guangdong, China) were performed. Problems such as structural features, manufacture processes, stress concentrations, distributions of plastic zones and fatigue performance of some structural details, were studied. Based on 3-D FEA results, the important parameters influencing the structural performance were analyzed. The test results showed that the areas of stress concentrations were fairly localized, plastic yield occurred in few regions under 1.7 times the design load, and no fatigue cracks were found after cyclic loading. The structural performance satisfies the design requirement.
Keywords: tensile anchor plate; cable-stayed bridge; cable-beam anchorage zone; mechanical behavior; fatigue performance; stress concentration
E-mail: renwp888@163.com

A new method for bridge asphalt pavement design

Zhao Fengjun^1,2　Yi Weijian¹　Li Yuzhi²
(1.Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
2. ChangSha University of Science Technology, Changsha 410076, China)

Abstract：Different from the traditional experimental design method, a theoretical method for bridge asphalt pavement design is developed. Based on an analysis of the mechanical characteristics of bridge pavement by using the finite element method (FEM), it is found that the‘interval of ribs’and the thickness of deck are key factors to the stress in bridge pavement. Based on this conclusion, a continuous laminated beam has been employed as the basic model of bridge asphalt pavement. In practice, longitudinal cracking is the major fatigue effect on bridge pavement, and the result of FEM confirms that; the maximum transverse strain on the top of pavement is identified as the design index. The modulus of the corresponding base in an elastic multilayer system is calculated when the maximal transverse flexural-tensile strain on top or bottom of bridge pavement is equal to the flexural-tensile strain in normal asphalt pavement. The designs of bridge pavement and normal asphalt pavement are related to each other. The example indicates that the modulus of the corresponding base is larger when the new design method is employed for steel bridges than for concrete bridges, and higher accuracy is required in computations for the latter.
Keywords：bridge asphalt pavement；continuous laminated beam；elastic multilayer system；design index；design system
E-mail: zfj_007@tom.com

Displacement-based seismic design method of RC bridge piers

Wang Dongsheng¹　Li Hongnan²　Zhao Yinghua¹　Wang Guoxin²
(1. Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026,China; 2. Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China)

Abstract: A direct displacement-based seismic design procedure of RC bridge piers fulfilling multiple performance objectives, which usually require that the structure can sustain a minor earthquake without any damage, a moderate earthquake with repairable structural damage, and a strong earthquake without collapsing, is developed by means of the improved capacity spectrum method. The procedure uses the yield displacement and displacement ductility factor as the design parameters and uses the inelastic seismic demand spectrum with yield spectral accelerations and yield displacements format to calculate the seismic demands of the pier under different earthquake levels. Seismic capacities of the pier are determined by acceptable structural damages, which are estimated quantitatively by using both the strains of concrete and the longitudinal steels in plastic hinge zones, and expressed as displacements at top of the pier by transforming from the relationship between curvature ductility factor and displacement ductility factor. The shear strength of the pier is also checked using the concept of capacity design in order to avoid brittle shear failure. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated by using an example on the seismic design of a single bridge pier.
Keywords: reinforced concrete bridge pier; displacement based seismic design; multiple performance objectives; improved capacity spectrum method; yield displacement; damage limited state
E-mail: dswang@newmail.dlmu.edu.cn

Fractal study on the microstructure variation of soft soils in consolidation process

Xue Ru¹　Hu Ruilin²　Mao Lingtao³
(1. Zhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management, Zhengzhou 450015, China;
2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics , CAS， Beijing 100029, China;
3. China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract: The characteristics and distribution of pores in soil are the internal cause of microstructure variation, and thus they are also the key factors in the determination of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soft soil. To describe the micro-structure of the soil, the pore variation should be emphatically studied. Because of the complexity and uncertainty of pore behavior, it is difficult to describe the pore behavior with the traditional geometric methods. Taking the subgrade soft soil from the Zhujiang River Delta treated with Dynamic Drainage Consolidation as examples, the microstructures of un-consolidated and consolidated soft soils are studied by means of the mercury intrusion method.　 The fractal characteristics of pore distribution are studied through the data analysis by means of the fractal theory.　 The method of pore classification is proposed, and the relationship between porosity fractal dimension and consolidation degree formulated. The results indicate that the fractal characteristics of pore distribution are significant, and porosity fractal dimension can be employed for predicting the degree of consolidation of the soft soil.
Keywords: soft roadbed reinforcement; porosity fractal dimension; mercury intrusion method; consolidation degree; dynamic drainage consolidation
E-mail: xr6239@163.com

In-situ test of composite soil nailing for a deep foundation pit

Yao Gang¹　Liu Xiaogang¹　Han Sen²
(1. Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; 2. Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China)

Abstract: In-situ test was conducted for the prestressed anchor rope composite soil nailing of a deep foundation pit for the Shenzhen Holiday Plaza to study the characteristics, the mechanism of interaction between soil nailing, prestressed anchor rope and soil, and the response of retaining structure to changes in the external environment, such as foundation pit excavation, anchor rope tension and rainfall. Data were collected on tension of soil nailing, stress of anchor rope, pore water pressure and earth pressure. The test reveals the excavation effect, time effect, three-dimensional effect and rainfall lagging effect of the prestressed anchor rope composite soil nailing. The test also indicates that tension in soil nailing does not increase with the excavation depth, and the potential slip plane does not pass through the base of the slope. The major function of the prestressed anchor rope is not for resisting shear or reducing stress in the retaining structure, but rather for improving the stability of slope.
Keywords: ultra-deep foundation pit; prestressed anchor rope composite soil nailing; in-situ test
E-mail: yaocqu@vip.sina.com.cn

Experimental study on the failure behavior of waffle-slab raft foundations under uniform column loads

Wang Shuguang
(Institute of Foundation Engineering, China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China)

Abstract: Waffle-slab raft foundations are widely used in multi-story buildings and skirt buildings attached to high-rise buildings, and the load transition mechanism and failure behavior deserve serious studies. The interaction between foundation soil and waffle-slab raft is studied based on large-scale model tests. The model tests were performed in a foundation pit in the laboratory of the Foundation Engineering Institute, China Academy of Building Research, and silt-clay filled artificially was used to simulate the foundation soil. The model is a one-span waffle-slab subject to uniform column loads that make the model cracks, the contact pressure and displacement are measured. The failure behavior and the load transition mechanism are discussed. The different deformation and contact pressure characteristics of the waffle-slab raft under lower or higher loads have been identified, and a simplified contact pressure distribution is provided.
Keywords: waffle-slab raft；interaction；deformation；contact pressure
E-mail: wshgcabr@yahoo.com.cn

Experimental study on the axial compressive behavior of super-long PHC pipe piles in deep soft soils

Cai Jian¹　Zhou Wanqing¹　Lin Yixi²　Huang Liangji²
(1.South China Univ. of Tech. , Guangzhou 510640, China;
2.Zhuhai Municipal Construction Engineering Quality Supervision & Test Station, Zhuhai 519015, China)

Abstract: Based on the data analysis of loading tests on PHC(prestressed high strength concrete)pipe piles, conducted through adding two additional reinforcement steel bars with strain gauges in the reinforcement cage of the pile in the deep soft soil foundation of the Zhuhai free trade zone, the bearing capacity and load transferring mechanism of the piles are discussed. Results show that the super-long PHC pipe piles behave as end-bearing frictional piles, so the piles should be driven to a soil layer with little compressibility. The stiffness of the soil at the pile tip affects the skin friction, therefore, improving the stiffness of the soil at the pile tip may significantly improve skin friction. The bearing capacity of the super-long PHC pipe piles increases with increase of the length of the pile. It is important to consider the strength and the settlement of the pile in design, and the settlement owing to the compression of pile should be considered in the calculation of the settlement.
Keywords: PHC pipe pile；super-long pile；soft soil ground；test and research；load transfer
E-mail: cvjcai@scut.edu.cn

Numerical study on subway tunneling-induced pile-foundation deformations

Li Ning^1,2　Wang Zhu¹　Han Xuan^1,3　Liu Houxiang¹
（1. Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China；2.Cold and Arid Environmental
and Engineering Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China；
3. Beijing Geotechnical Institute, Beijing 100038, China）

Abstract: Numerical analysis is performed to study the features of ground and pile deformations caused by tunneling in the vicinity. The influences of pile position and soil—pile interaction are considered, and the numerical results indicate: 1) The induced ground settlement at the near-tunnel side of the pile is much smaller than that at the other side of the pile, which might cause unbalanced frictions on the pile shaft; 2) The ground horizontal movement around the tunnel is unsymmetric, due to the stiffness effect of the pile; 3) For short piles, tilting is the major form of pile deformation, while for long piles, bending is the major form of pile deformation, as effected by nearby tunneling; 4) Based on deformation behavior, the surrounding soil of the tunnel is categorized into four different zones, to understand better the influence of tunneling to nearby pile foundations.
Keywords: subway；tunnel；single pile；numerical analysis；soil movement；pile deformation
E-mail: ningli@xaut.edu.cn

A study on the limit support pressure at excavation face of shield tunneling

Huang Zhengrong^1,2　Zhu Wei¹　Liang Jinghua¹　Qin Jianshe¹
（1.Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China；
2. Suzhou Design & Research Insititute of Communication Co.,LTD, Suzhou 215000, China）

Abstract: During the construction of shield tunnels, support pressure is usually applied at the work face to prevent excessive tunneling-induced soil movement or collapse. However, the selection and control of appropriate support pressure is difficult due to variation of soil conditions and uncertainty in construction. Support pressure should be controlled so that it is not so low as to cause face collapse and not so high as to induce ground hogging.　 Numerical simulation is employed to study how the soil parameter and ground water affect the support pressure, and to give the proper support pressure at the excavation face in a case study.
Keywords: shield tunnel; excavation face; numerical solution; support pressure
E-mail: hhyjs2000@163.com

Review of web-based project management system

Ma Zhiliang Luo Xiaochun Li Zhixin
(Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract: State-of-the-art and tendency of Web-Based Project information Management Systems (WPMS) were summarized in order to lay a sound foundation for developing a WPMS that fits the condition of China. Large amount of literature were investigated, and related analysis, comparison, classification and summarization were carried out. Regarding to WPMS, the origin, evolution, definition, architecture and key technique were classified and summarized. Three typical systems, including Autodesk’s Buzzsaw, BuildOnline’s ProjectsOnline and the EPIMS developed by the authors, were presented for illustration. Based on the mentioned works, three tendencies of WPMS were summarized: first, it will support the multiple participants in the construction phase to collaborate by using the shop drawings; second, it will support the usage of photos and videos for the collaboration among the multiple parties; and third, it will support the utilization of the project information by the multiple parties.
Keywords: world wide web; project management; management systems; cooperative work; WPMS
E-mail: mazl@tsinghua.edu.cn

Application of PSO to multiple-objective project optimization

Liu Xiaofeng　 Chen Tong　 Zhang Lianying
(School of Management, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China)

Abstract: Time, cost and quality, with mutual influence, are the three major control items for project management. The best solution for a project is to achieve high quality with low cost in a proper time limit. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an evolutionary computational method, which may be conveniently employed to execute random and global search. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method is employed to conduct multiple-objective project optimization. After introducing the basic theory of the algorithms, an optimization model is formulated to optimize the quality, cost and time of projects. The numerical example indicates that PSO can accurately and efficiently solve multiple-objective project optimization problems.
Keywords: Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)；project optimization；quality quantification
E-mail: lxf800703@163.com