高层建筑结构的扭转反应控制

徐培福 黄吉锋 韦承基
（中国建筑科学研究院，北京100013）

摘要：高层建筑结构扭转反应控制是设计中的关键问题，但在 《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》（JGJ3-2002）中还没有这方面的具体规定。因此，有必要对《高层建筑混凝土结构技术规程》中控制结构地震扭转效应的主要方法进行解说和讨论：限制结构在考虑偶然偏心的水平地震作用下，每个楼层的最大位移和最大层间位移与该层平均位移和平均层间位移的比值（位移比）以及结构以扭转为主的第一振型周期Tt与以平动为主的第一振型周期Tl之比值（周期比）；分析位移比、周期比和偏心率之间的关系，并说明计算偶然偏心影响和控制位移比、周期比的必要性和可行性，以及在单塔楼工程设计中的应用；对于多塔楼高层建筑结构，提出了控制扭转效应的设计建议：对上部无刚性连接的多塔楼结构，宜将各塔楼及裙房由裙房顶板处切开分别计算各自周期比；对上部有刚性连接的多塔楼结构，应采用整体结构模型计算并验算整体扭转和平动的周期比。
关键词：高层建筑结构；扭转反应；周期比；位移比；单塔楼结构；多塔楼结构

Control of torsional response of tall building structures

Xu Peifu Huang Jifeng Wei Chengji
(China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China)

Abstract: The main methods to control earthquake-induced torsional response of tall buildings in the Technical Specification for Concrete Structures of Tall Building(JGJ3-2002)are expounded: restricting the ratio of the maximun displacement and drift of a storey to the corresponding averages(displacement ratio)computed under horizontal earthquake action including accidental eccentricity, and restricting the ratio of the first torsional vibration period to the first translational vibration period(period ratio).The relationships between the period ratio, the displacement ratio and the eccentricity of the structure are discussed, and the necessity and feasibility of computing the influence of the accidental eccentricity and controlling the period ratio and the displacement ratio of buildings as well as its application in the design of single-tower buildings are explained. Suggestions on the control of torsional response of multi-tower tall buildings(with or without rigid connections between towers), not yet prescribed in the Technical Specification for Concrete Structures of Tall Building(JGJ3-2002),are presented: for a multi-tower tall building without rigid connections between towers， it is recommended that the structure be partitioned from the top floor of the podium into parts and then check the period ratio of each part， whereas for a multi-tower tall building with rigid connections between towers, the period ratio should be checked for the global structure model.
Keywords: tall building structures; torsional response ; period ratio; displacement ratio; single-tower buildings; multi-tower buildings　
E-mail: huangjifeng@cabrtech.com

防屈曲钢支撑阻尼器的试验研究

李 妍 吴 斌 王倩颖 欧进萍
（哈尔滨工业大学，黑龙江哈尔滨150090）

摘要：对7个一字形内芯外包钢管的防屈曲钢支撑阻尼器进行静力往复试验和子结构拟动力试验研究。在静力往复试验中根据试件的破坏特征不断完善其构造措施以确定其合理构造，并研究合理构造的防屈曲钢支撑阻尼器的滞回性能。静力往复试验结果表明这类防屈曲钢支撑阻尼器具有很好的滞回特性和耗能性能。为研究装有防屈曲钢支撑阻尼器的框架在地震作用下的动力反应，对一个单自由度框架结构进行子结构拟动力试验。子结构拟动力试验表明地震作用下钢支撑阻尼器结构的抗震能力得到了很大的提高，有效地降低结构的最大位移。用ANSYS软件计算得到的和试验得到的钢支撑阻尼器结构的地震反应吻合得很好，说明ANSYS计算时所用的阻尼器恢复力模型及参数的确定是合理的。
关键词：防屈曲钢支撑阻尼器；静力往复试验；滞回特性；子结构拟动力试验

An experimental study of anti-buckling steel damping-braces

Li Yan Wu Bin Wang Qianying Ou Jinping
（Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150090, China）

Abstract: Static cyclic tests and substructure pseudo-dynamic tests were conducted on seven steel buckling-restrained braces (BRBs), each consisting of a flat steel bar encased in a square steel tube. Compositions of the braces were improved one by one, according to the failure models observed in the static cyclic tests, to determine the rational composition and to investigate its hysteretic characteristics. The test results demonstrate a stable hysteretic behavior and a substantial energy absorption capacity of the brace. In order to study the response of structures with steel BRBs, substructure pseudo-dynamic tests were performed on frame with a single degree of freedom (SDOF). The steel BRBs, in the substructure pseudo-dynamic tests, significantly suppress the seismic response of the structure by dissipating most of the vibration energy through inelastic deformation. The structural responses calculated by using the ANSYS software are similar to those from the tests, which demonstrate the validity of the model and parameters of the brace.
Keywords: steel buckling-restrained brace; static cyclic loading test; hysteretic characteristics; substructure pseudo-dynamic test
E-mail: bin.wu@hit.edu.cn

近场脉冲效应对强度折减系数的影响分析

翟长海¹ 谢礼立^1,2
（1.哈尔滨工业大学，黑龙江哈尔滨 150090;
2.中国地震局工程力学研究所，黑龙江哈尔滨 150080）

摘要：近场脉冲型地震动具有十分巨大的潜在破坏性。以集集地震提供的近场地震动记录为基础，利用统计分析的方法研究近场脉冲效应对强度折减系数的影响规律，并给出近场脉冲效应影响强度折减系数的修正公式。结果表明：在长周期频段，近场速度脉冲型地震动给出的强度折减系数与一般地震动给出的强度折减系数趋向于一致，而在中短周期频段，近场速度脉冲型地震动给出的强度折减系数显著小于一般地震动给出的强度折减系数，这表明如果用现有的强度折减系数模型（都是远场地震动给出的强度折减系数）应用到近场地区，则可能是比较危险的；对某一给定的周期，随延性系数的增大，近场速度脉冲型地震动给出的强度折减系数与一般地震动给出的强度折减系数的差异也越大。
关键词：强度折减系数；近场脉冲效应；集集地震；统计分析

Adjacent-field velocity pulse effect on strength reduction factors

Zhai Changhai¹ Xie Lili^1,2
(1.Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;
2.Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China)

Abstract: Strong adjacent-field pulse ground motions pose severe potential damage to the structures. Based on the large number of adjacent-field velocity-pulse ground motions recorded in the Chi-Chi earthquake (Taiwan September 20, 1999), the effect of adjacent-field velocity-pulse on the strength reduction factors is statistically investigated and expressions for the modification of the strength reduction factors are established. It is concluded that in the long period range, the strength reduction factors for the adjacent-field velocity-pulse ground motions tend to be consistent with those for far-field ground motions. But, in the short or medium period range, the strength reduction factors for the adjacent-field velocity-pulse ground motions are significantly smaller than those from the far-field ground motions, making it unsafe, in adjacent areas, to use the current strength reduction factors, which were obtained for far-field ground motions. For a given period, the adjacent-field effect on the strength reduction factors increases with the structure ductility coefficient.
Keywords: strength reduction factors; adjacent-field velocity-pulse effect; Chi-Chi earthquake; statistical analysis
E-mail: zch-hit@hit.edu.cn

TMD控制优化设计及振动台试验研究

李创第¹ 黄天立² 李 暾¹ 邹万杰¹ 方 重² 林志兴²
（1.广西工学院，广西柳州545006；2.同济大学，上海200092）

摘要：以Kanai-Tajimi谱作为理论分析和振动台试验的地震激励模型，在运用复模态法获得多自由度带TMD结构随机地震响应解析解的基础上，对TMD结构参数的优化取值问题进行系统的理论与试验研究，运用常规的和基于动力可靠性约束的两种优化设计方法，得出TMD结构的优化参数取值，并通过一个三层2 m×2 m×6 m的大尺度TMD减震结构模型的振动台试验，检验优化设计方法的有效性，该方法可用于基础隔震结构、带TLD减震结构以及带TMD、TLD抗风结构的优化设计。
关键词：TMD；复模态；随机地震响应；动力可靠性约束的优化设计；大型振动台模型试验

Optimal TMD design and shaking table test

Li Chuangdi¹ Huang Tianli² Li Tun¹ Zou Wanjie¹ Fang Zhong² Lin Zhixing²
（1.Guangxi Institute of Technology , Liuzhou 545006, China;
2. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract: The Kanai-Tajimi spectral density is taken as the model of earthquake excitation for theoretical and experimental studies, and analytical solutions for random earthquake response of structures with TMD are derived by using the complex mode method. On the basis of the analytical solutions, the optimal parameters of TMD are theoretically and experimentally studied. The optimal parameters of TMD are obtained by using the general optimum design method and the optimum design method with dynamic reliability constraints. The validity of the optimal parameters is verified through a shaking table test of a three-storey 2m × 2m × 6m large-scale model with TMD. This method can be employed in the optimal seismic design of base-isolation structures, the structures with TLD, and in the optimal wind-resistant design of structures with TMD or TLD.
Keywords: tuned mass damper；complex modal；random earthquake response；optimization with dynamic reliability constraints；large-scale shaking table model test
E-mail: lichuangdi1964@163.com

被动耗能减震结构基于能力谱法的抗震设计方法研究

张思海^1,2 梁兴文¹ 邓明科¹
（1.西安建筑科技大学，陕西西安710055；
2. 农二师设计院有限责任公司，新疆库尔勒841000）

摘要：结合我国抗震设计规范，提出被动耗能减震结构基于能力谱法的抗震设计方法。在该方法中，结构的性能水平用层间位移角限值予以量化，以简化方法计算速度相关型阻尼器的等效阻尼比。该法首先对经过初步设计的建筑结构进行推覆分析以评估其抗震性能，然后依据性能目标要求选择阻尼器的参数和数量，并对设置阻尼器的结构再次进行推覆分析以检验层间位移角是否满足性能目标要求。通过算例，介绍用该方法对钢筋混凝土规则框架进行消能减震设计的设计过程。实例分析表明，提出的被动耗能减震结构基于能力谱法的抗震设计方法是可行的，并且与非线性动力分析得出的平均结果吻合较好。
关键词：能力谱法；性能目标；等效阻尼比；被动耗能减震

A study on the capacity-spectrum seismic design method for buildings
equipped with passive energy dissipation systems

Zhang Sihai^1,2 Liang Xingwen¹ Deng Mingke¹
（1. Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology，Xi’an 710055，China；
2.Nongershi Design Institute Co.,Ltd , Kuerler 841000，China)

Abstract: A seismic design procedure for energy dissipation systems is proposed by using the capacity spectrum method in combination with Chinese seismic design code. The performance level is quantified by the inter-story drift ratio, and the equivalent damping ratio is evaluated by the simplified method in the proposed procedure. Nonlinear static analysis is conducted for the evaluation of the seismic performances of structures without supplement dampers. The size and number of dampers are selected according to the requirements of the prescribed performance objective. Pushover analysis is carried out for structures with supplement dampers to verify whether the inter-story drift satisfies the prescribed performance criterion or not. Application of the procedure is illustrated by using a regular reinforced concrete frame with visco-elastic dampers. The results from the case study indicate that the proposed method is simple, feasible, and agrees well with nonlinear dynamic analysis.
Keywords: capacity spectrum method；performance objective；equivalent damping ratio；passive energy dissipation systems
E-mail: zshxj74@163.com

高层配筋砌块砌体剪力墙的延性设计研究

蔡 健¹ 潘东辉¹ 何建罡² 张兴富²
（1.华南理工大学，广东广州 510640；2.广州市民用建筑科研设计院，广东广州 510055）

摘要：针对配筋砌块砌体的特点，采用数值计算的方法确定配筋砌块砌体剪力墙的屈服曲率和极限曲率，并建立剪力墙曲率延性比和位移延性比的关系。根据计算结果，讨论轴压比、剪跨比、边缘钢筋屈服强度、腹板竖向钢筋的抗力、砌体的抗压强度和极限压应变对剪力墙位移延性的影响，其中限制轴压比、设置约束边缘构件是提高剪力墙延性的有效途径。通过推导出的轴压比限值的近似公式，分析各因素对轴压比限值的影响，并建议采用约束砌块砌体和约束混凝土作为约束边缘构件以提高墙的延性。结合高层建筑工程实际，分析确定不同约束边缘构件的矩形截面和工字形截面剪力墙的轴压比限值，提出约束边缘构件的构造要求和实用的设计建议。
关键词：配筋砌块砌体；剪力墙；位移延性；轴压比；约束边缘构件

A study on the ductility design of high-rise reinforced-block-masonry shear walls

Cai Jian¹ Pan Donghui¹ He Jiangang² Zhang Xingfu²
（1.South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
2.Guangzhou Civil Architecture Research Design Institute, Guangzhou 510055, China）

Abstract: Based on the properties of reinforced block masonry, the yielding curvature and the ultimate curvature are calculated by numerical method, and the relationship between curvature ductility ratio and displacement ductility ratio is established for reinforced-block-masonry shear walls. The major influencing factors of shear wall ductility include the axial compression ratio, the shear span ratio, the yielding strength of flange steel bars, the mechanical resistance of web steel bars, the compression strength and the ultimate compression strain of masonry. Limiting the axial-compression-ratio and placing flange restraint are effective means to improve the ductility. A formula of axial-compression-ratio limit is deduced to analyze approximately the influences of these factors. Restrained masonry and restrained concrete members are proposed to increase the ductility of shear walls. In reference to the practice for high-rise buildings，the axial-compression-ratio limit is specified for rectangular sections with different confined boundary members and I-shaped sections, and the construction details for members with confined boundary, and practical method for seismic design are also suggested.
Keywords: reinforced block masonry; shear wall; displacement ductility; axial compression ratio; confined boundary member
E-mail: cvjcai@scut.edu.cn

板柱体系模型动力试验研究

胡 瑞^1,2 任辉启² 严东晋² 翟金明²
(1.解放军理工大学，江苏南京 210007；2.总参工程兵科研三所，河南洛阳 471023)

摘要：针对民防工程抗力加固问题，采用量纲分析和微分方程法推导和分析钢筋混凝土板柱体系模型动力试验的相似比并建立试验模型。开展板柱体系立柱加固模型的动力性能试验研究。了解在核爆炸冲击波载荷作用下无边墙、无柱帽板柱体系的动力性能、破坏形态和采用后加柱加固的实际效果等问题。研究表明，采用后加柱加固明显改变结构的破坏形态，较大提高整个结构尤其是结构顶板的承载能力；无柱帽板柱体系的节点抗冲切破坏问题是一个薄弱环节。
关键词：板柱体系；动力试验；承载能力；冲切破坏

Dynamic model test of a reinforced concrete slab-column system

Hu Rui^1,2 Ren Huiqi² Yan Dongjin² Zhai Jinming²
（1. PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210007, China;
2. The Third Institute of Engineering Corps. PLA General Staff, Luoyang 471023, China）

Abstract：With respect to the reinforcement of civil defense works, the dimensional analysis method and the differential equation method are employed to derive and analyze the similitude scales for the setup and dynamic test of a reinforced concrete slab-column system model. Experiments of the reinforced concrete column model have been carried out to study the dynamic capacity, the failure mode, and the column-reinforcement effect of the no-wall and no-cap reinforced concrete slab-column system under nuclear explosions. The experimental results indicate that the failure mode of the structure is apparently altered after reinforced with columns, and the load carrying capacity of the structure, especially that of the roof, is greatly enhanced. Punching failure is a weak feature of the nodes of the no-cap slab-column system.
Keywords：reinforced concrete slab-column system; dynamic test; bearing capacity; punching failure
E-mail: hurui3528@163.com

竖向荷载下足尺半刚性连接组合框架试验研究

李国强¹ 王静峰² 刘清平¹
（1.同济大学, 上海 200092；2.清华大学, 北京 100084）

摘要：为研究半刚性连接组合框架在静载作用下的力学性能，进行了竖向荷载下两榀足尺的两层两跨半刚性连接组合框架试验。组合框架由H型钢柱和压型钢板混凝土组合梁组成，钢节点由焊接到钢梁端部的平端板通过螺栓与钢柱翼缘连接。为了解半刚性连接组合框架的结构性能和破坏特征，考察不同荷载水平作用下半刚性连接和楼板的组合效应对钢框架结构整体性能的影响，重点分析框架整体性能、节点性能和梁性能。试验表明：平端板型组合节点为半刚性连接、部分强度节点，具有较高的强度和刚度，其极限转角可满足不小于30mrad的延性设计要求；半刚性连接和楼板的组合效应对钢框架的强度、刚度和延性有较大影响，设计时应加以考虑。试验结果可为今后半刚性连接组合框架理论研究和工程实际应用提供参考。
关键词：半刚性连接；组合框架；楼板的组合效应；平端板连接；竖向荷载；试验

An experimental study of full-scale semi-rigid composite frames under vertical loading

Li Guoqiang¹ Wang Jingfeng² Liu Qingping¹
(1.Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 2.Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract: Results are presented for a pair of tests of full-scale two-storey-two-bay semi-rigid composite frames. The composite frame is composed of H-shape steel columns and composite beams with steel plates. The steelwork connection consists of a flush end plate welded to the end of the beam and bolted to the column flange. To investigate the influences of semi-rigid joints and slabs on the performance of steel frames, overall response of the frame, connection behavior and beam behavior are analyzed. It is found that the composite endplate connection, which acts as a semi-rigid and partial-strength node, has high strength and rigidity; it satisfies the ductility design requirement that rotation capacity can be no less than 30mrad. Therefore, the effects of semi-rigid joints and slabs on the strength, rigidity and ductility of steel frames should be properly taken into consideration in design.
Keywords: semi-rigid connection; composite frame; composite effect of slab; flush endplate connection; vertical loading; testing
E-mail: gqli@mail.tongji.edu.cn

尿素包装厂房结构混凝土损伤调查与损伤机理分析

詹炳根
（合肥工业大学，安徽合肥230009）

摘要：安庆石化尿素包装厂房混凝土结构出现较大面积的破坏现象，为评定其结构使用状况，对其混凝土结构进行现场调查和试验室测试。现场检查发现该厂房混凝土已发生严重的腐蚀，这些损伤大多伴随着尿素结晶存在。用体视显微镜和X射线衍射以及红外光谱分析等方法对现场钻取的芯样进行研究，结果表明：从混凝土表面逐步向内约40 mm范围内混凝土基本上被尿素腐蚀，并有进一步扩展的趋势。分析混凝土损伤的主要原因既有物理作用，也有化学作用。物理作用是尿素在混凝土中的结晶导致混凝土膨胀开裂；化学作用则主要是尿素与混凝土中的碱作用加速了混凝土碳化。尿素分解的氨与混凝土中的碱作用也加剧混凝土的碳化，并且产生的水分引起进一步的腐蚀，特别是加剧钢筋腐蚀。物理作用和化学作用共同作用下导致混凝土损伤腐蚀；环境湿度对腐蚀起到重要的作用。
关键词：混凝土；尿素；耐久性；腐蚀；机理

Analysis of damage mechanism of structural concrete of urea packing plant buildings

Zhan Binggen
（Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China）

Abstract: Extensive deterioration of the concrete structure of the Anqin urea packing plant has been observed. To assess the structural durability and status of the building, extend of the concrete damage is investigated, and the damage mechanism studied. The investigation includes visual inspection of the exteriors, stereomicroscope sample study, diffracted X-ray and infrared imagery. The concrete is found to be in a state of severe erosion. Study of core samples from typical areas indicates that urea has gradually corroded about 40 mm into the surface of the concrete, and this trend will probably continue. It is concluded that the main causes of the damage are of two-fold: physical action and chemical reaction. Physical action is due to the crystallization of urea inside the concrete causing it to expand first and then crack. Chemical reaction between urea and alkali in the concrete accelerates the carbonization. The excessive ammonia produced in the production process and the decomposition of urea further speeds up the concrete carbonization, and the additional water thus produced causes further corrosion, especially to the reinforcement steel bars. The combination of physical action and chemical reaction causes corrosion damage to concrete, and environment humidity also plays an important role in the corrosion.
Keywords: concrete; urea; durability; damage; mechanism
E-mail: bgzhan@mail.hf.ah.cn

现浇空心板宏观基本本构关系

谢靖中
(上海交通大学，上海200030)

摘要：研究宏观等效泊松比和弹性模量。首先通过解析方法，推导空心板作为双向肋板的泊松比的计算公式。其次根据应力分布特点，提出圆孔空心板横管向弯曲、轴压弹性模量的有效截面计算方法，确定竖向倾角α0=22.5°的孔半径所在水平线为有效截面的边界线，并给出计算公式。此外研究还发现，双向肋板中存在横肋引起刚度增大的“横肋效应”现象，给出该现象的量化表达式。所提方法和公式均通过理论、数值验证，是现浇空心板结构计算的理论基础。
关键词：现浇空心板；构造各向异性；本构关系；泊松比；弹性模量；横肋效应

On the macroscopic constitutive relationship of cast-in-situ hollow slabs

Xie Jingzhong
(Jiaotong University of Shanghai, Shanghai 200030, China)

Abstract: A method is studied for computing the equivalent Poisson ratio and the elasticity modulus of cast-in-situ hollow slabs at the macroscopic level. The formulas are derived theoretically, for computing the Poisson ratio of cast-in-situ hollow slabs with two-way ribs. Based on the characteristics of stress distribution, an effective section area method is proposed for computing both the bending and the axial elasticity moduli of a circular hollow-core slab at the transverse cross-section. The boundary of the effective area is suggested to be at a radial distance with a vertical slope angle of α0=22.5°. Relevant formulas for computation purpose are also proposed. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of transverse-rib effect, which may lead to an increase of the slab stiffness, has been observed in the present study. This phenomenon is modeled by using an appropriate mathematical relationship. The proposed methods and formulas are carefully verified by both theoretical and numerical means, and they may serve as a foundation for structural analysis of cast-in-situ hollow slabs.
Keywords: cast-in-situ hollow slab; orthogonal anisotropic composition; constitutive relationship; Poisson ratio; elasticity modulus; transverse-rib effect
E-mail: xiejz@sjtu.edu.cn

桥梁断面颤振导数识别的随机搜索方法

许福友 陈艾荣 马如进
(同济大学土木工程防灾国家重点实验室，上海200092)

摘要：建立了识别颤振导数的普适性更强的分析模型，该模型可适用于竖弯与扭转信号长度不同的情形；阐明总体最小二乘法加权理论，推导了对数衰减简谐函数平均值和标准差计算公式；提出随机搜索方法用于搜索信号特征的最佳拟合值；仿真算例表明，随机搜索方法是有效可行的，并且计算精度令人满意。融合随机方法，分别采用竖弯、扭转分项和总体最小二乘法对苏通大桥主梁断面颤振导数进行识别；识别结果表明，相对分项最小二乘而言，总体最小二乘并不能显著提高颤振导数的识别精度。
关键词：桥梁； 颤振导数识别； 最小二乘法； 随机搜索方法

Identification of flutter derivatives of bridge decks on the basis of stochastic search technique

Xu Fuyou Chen Airong Ma Rujin
（State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China）

Abstract: A more applicable analytical model for extracting flutter derivatives is proposed, which is suitable for different lengths of vertical and torsional signals. The weighting theory for the unified least-square method is expounded. The formulas of the means and standard deviation of logarithmic decaying harmonic function are deduced. A stochastic technique for searching the optimal fitting values of signal properties with satisfactory precision is developed, which is verified to be a valid and feasible method by using two simulation examples. Flutter derivatives of Sutong Bridge deck are extracted by combining the stochastic search technique with the independent vertical, the torsional and the unified least-square methods, respectively. The results indicate that the unified least-square method cannot significantly improve the precision of flutter derivative identification, when compared with the vertical and the torsional least-square method.
Keywords: bridge；identification of flutter derivatives； least-square method； stochastic search technique
E-mail: fuyouxu@hotmail.com

大跨度悬索桥颤振可靠度分析的改进响应面法

程 进 肖汝诚
（同济大学，上海200092）

摘要：介绍一种新的计算悬索桥颤振可靠度方法——改进响应面法。该方法利用传统响应面法将极限状态方程近似表达为简单的多项式形式，有效地解决FORM和SORM无法求解隐式极限状态方程的可靠度问题。另外，改进响应面法的使用还能有效地利用现有的确定性颤振分析软件。通过引入有限元方法，改进响应面法可应用于悬索桥颤振可靠度问题。通过使用重要抽样技术，提高改进响应面法的计算效率和计算精度，有效地解决传统响应面法在结构可靠度较大或失效概率较低时出现的迭代不收敛问题。数值算例验证该方法的效率和精度。最后，用该方法计算江阴长江大桥的颤振可靠度，结果表明基于经验公式的改进响应面法会过高地估计大跨度悬索桥的颤振可靠度。实际的悬索桥颤振可靠度应该采用基于有限元法的改进响应面法进行计算。
关键词：悬索桥；可靠度；失效概率；响应面法

A modified response surface method for flutter reliability analysis of long-span suspension bridges

Cheng Jin Xiao Rucheng
（Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China）

Abstract: A modified response surface method is presented for calculating the flutter reliability of suspension bridges through a combination of the advantages of conventional response surface method (RSM), finite element method (FEM), first order reliability method (FORM) and sampling updating method. Combing the RSM method with FORM, the modified response surface method can calculate the reliability of complex structures, of which the limit state functions are not explicitly known. Also, it is feasible to use the existing deterministic flutter finite element code without modifications. Using FEM, the modified response surface method is extended to perform flutter reliability analysis of suspension bridges. The efficiency and accuracy of the modified response surface method are improved with the aid of a sampling updating technique. The efficiency and accuracy of the modified response surface method are verified with numerical examples. The flutter reliability of the Jiangyin Bridge is analyzed by using the modified response surface method. The results indicate that the method based on an empirical formula, in which the limit state function is explicitly represented, overestimates the flutter reliability of suspension bridges. The flutter reliability could be more accurately analyzed by using the proposed method based on a deterministic finite element method in which the limit state function is implicitly represented.
Keywords: suspension bridge； reliability； failure probability； response surface method
E-mail: Chengjin@tsinghua.org.cn

大跨度桥梁中央开槽颤振控制效果和机理研究

杨詠昕 葛耀君 项海帆
（同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：采用理论分析结合风洞试验的方法，对中央开槽这种已经在大跨度桥梁设计和建设中逐步得到应用的颤振控制措施的控制效果和控制机理进行研究。选取5种不同气动外形的基本断面，采取2种开槽宽度分别对其进行中央开槽处理。对全部5个系列15种断面开展节段模型风洞试验，并应用二维三自由度耦合颤振分析方法，对各断面开槽前后颤振性能、颤振驱动机理和颤振形态的变化规律进行分析。研究结果表明，中央开槽并不总是能提高结构的颤振稳定性能，其控制效果同基本断面的气动外形以及开槽宽度密切相关，当槽宽不恰当时中央开槽的控制效果会严重削弱，而对气动外形比较钝化的断面采用中央开槽后其颤振性能反而会恶化。对控制机理的理论分析表明，这种控制效果差异的原因在于各断面气动阻尼的形成和随风速发展规律存在明显差别，而颤振形态特别是竖向自由度的参与程度也影响到中央开槽的颤振控制效果。
关键词：中央开槽；颤振控制；控制机理；颤振机理；颤振形态；大跨度桥梁

Flutter control effect and mechanism of central-slotting for long-span bridges

Yang Yongxin Ge Yaojun Xiang Haifan
（Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China）

Abstract: Flutter control by use of central-slotting has gradually been adopted in the design and construction of long-span bridges as an effective control measure. This subject was investigated through both theoretical analysis and wind tunnel test. Five basic girder cross sections representing five typical aerodynamic configurations were selected and central-slotted with two different slot widths. A series of sectional model tests and theoretical analyses based on the two-dimensional 3-DOF coupling flutter analysis method (2d-3DOF method) were carried out to investigate the aerodynamic performance, flutter mechanism and flutter modality of the five basic sections and the corresponding central-slotted sections. The results indicate that central-slotting can not always improve the aerodynamic stability of a bridge structure. The control effect of central-slotting depends heavily on the aerodynamic configuration of the original girder section and the corresponding central-slotting width. If the original section is inappropriate or the slot width is unsuitable, central-slotting would even deteriorate the structural flutter performance. Theoretical investigations indicate that the differences in flutter control effects result from the different formations and evolution trends of aerodynamic damping, and that flutter modality, especially the participation level of heaving motion, also has a significant influence on the control effect of central-slotting.
Keywords: central-slotting; flutter control; control mechanism; flutter mechanism; flutter modality; long-span bridge
E-mail: yang_y_x@mail.tongji.edu.cn

自锚式悬索桥主缆锚固结构研究

邵旭东 邓 军 李立峰 蒋自雄
（湖南大学，湖南长沙 410082）

摘要：自锚式悬索桥以其结构造型美观和对地形和地质状况适应性强等优点，成为城市里100~400m跨径范围内极具竞争力的桥梁方案。三汊矶湘江大桥是一座主跨328m的大跨度自锚式悬索桥，主缆通过钢锚箱锚固在加劲梁两端。由于主缆直接锚固在加劲梁的两端，设置合理的锚固结构以保证主缆与加劲梁连接的强度、刚度、稳定性和主缆的轴力平顺传递，成为自锚式悬索桥设计的关键问题之一。总结钢自锚式悬索桥主缆的三种锚固型式：混凝土结构锚固、钢结构锚固和环形锚固，分析各自的优缺点和适用范围。对三汊矶湘江大桥的主缆锚固结构进行空间有限元分析和1∶3.2大比例模型试验。计算和试验结果都表明，在设计索力状态下，锚固结构各构件的应力在70~130MPa之间；在1.6倍超载索力状态下，应力都在200MPa以下。验证大桥锚箱式锚固结构的安全性和可靠性，为自锚式悬索桥锚固结构的设计提供直接的指导。
关键词：自锚式悬索桥；锚固型式；试验研究

Cable anchorage structure of self-anchored suspension bridge

Shao Xudong Deng Jun Li Lifeng Jiang Zixiong
(Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China)

Abstract: Self-anchored suspension bridge, in the span range of 100m to 400m, has been recognized as a cost-effective and favorable scheme in urban areas, due to its elegant appearance and adaptability to geological and topographic conditions. The Sanchaji bridge is a self-anchored suspension bridge with a main span of 328m.The main cables are secured to the stiffening girders via steel anchor boxes, to ensure the strength, stiffness, stability and load transfer of the cable-girder connection. The design of cable-girder anchorage structure has become one of the most critical issues for self-anchored suspension bridges. Three cable anchorage systems, i.e. concrete anchorage, deck anchorage and loop cable anchorage systems are summarized, and their advantages, disadvantages and serviceability are investigated. A 3-D FEM analysis of the anchorage zone and a large scale (1:3.2) model test are carried out to verify the safety and reliability of the cable anchorage system. The calculation and test results indicate that the stresses of the anchorage structure are in the range of 70 MPa to 130 MPa under the design load, and below 200MPa with 1.6 times overload. The findings reported in the present paper may provide a guideline for design of the cable anchorage structure of the self-anchored suspension bridge.
Keywords: self-anchored suspension bridge; anchorage system; experimental study
E-mail: shaoxd@hnu.cn

黄河二桥系杆拱桥桥面铺装结构力学性能研究

张起森 李雪莲 查旭东
（长沙理工大学，湖南长沙 410076）

摘要：运用有限元法对黄河二桥下承式系杆拱桥双层沥青混凝土铺装体系进行受力分析，确定了全桥的最不利荷位，提出了系杆拱桥面铺装设计控制指标，并在各个指标的最不利双轮加载方式下，进一步分析了车轮附近区域沥青混凝土铺装层各控制指标的变化规律，同时给出其相应的三维图。为确定水平荷载对铺装层各控制指标的影响，本文还分析了不同水平荷载下各控制指标的变化规律。为更准确地模拟实际边界条件，分析的整个过程是在包括梁、拱肋、吊杆和桥面铺装等部分的整体桥梁结构上实现的。结合力学分析所得结论进行了相应试验研究，建立了不同温度下水泥混凝土桥面板与沥青铺装层间的剪切强度与黏结强度关系式，并确定了15℃时该桥铺装层层间稳定性控制指标——容许黏结强度。最后，进行现场拉拔试验，检验实桥上的层间稳定性。
关键词：有限元；下承式系杆拱桥；桥面铺装；防水黏结层；抗剪强度；黏结强度

Structural mechanics study of tied arch bridge deck overlays of the second Huanghe bridge

Zhang Qisen Li Xuelian Zha Xudong
（Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410076）

Abstract：Using FEM, the structural behavior of the double-layered asphalt concrete of the second Huanghe bridge is analyzed. The least favorable loading location of the overlays is determined, and a design control index of the asphalt surfaces is proposed. At the least favorable loading cases of all indices, the variations of asphalt overlays around the wheels are analyzed and corresponding three-dimensional graphs are presented. To determine the influence of horizontal cyclic load on control indices, the variations of asphalt overlays under various horizontal cyclic loads are analyzed. To simulate the boundary conditions, the entire bridge, including beams, arch ribs, suspenders and the overlays, is taken into account in the analysis. Experiments are conducted in coordination with the finite element analysis. From this study, a relationship between shearing strength and binding strength under various temperatures is established, and the interlayer stable control index, the allowable bonding strength, under 15℃, are also determined. In-situ pullout test is performed to check the stability of inter-layers.
Keywords: FEM; through tied arch bridge; bridge deck overlays; waterproof-and-binding layer; shearing strength; bonding strength
E-mail: shallenli@126.com

含竖向裂缝的近水平层状岩体边坡的动力学分析

邵　江^1,2　周德培¹　周应华³　谢红强¹
（1.西南交通大学，四川成都610031； 2. 四川省交通厅公路规划勘察设计研究院，四川成都610041；3.铁道部第二勘察设计研究院，四川成都 610031）

摘要： 红层中的近水平岩层在天然状态下稳定性高，但爆破开挖会造成竖向裂缝的扩展，连续降雨也会诱发岩体沿软弱夹层的滑动破坏，因此对竖向裂缝在爆破荷载下的起裂、扩展效应分析是有意义的。以岩体中竖向裂缝尖端在水平拉应力下的应力分布为出发点，通过强度因子K1推导张开型裂缝周围在水平荷载下的应力场，说明裂缝尖端的应力集中是裂缝的起裂、扩展的关键，采用格里菲斯（Griffith）能量准则对其进行实现，并推导岩体断裂后沿岩层面剧动距离的计算方法，采用拟静力法计算爆破对边坡的荷载影响，从而反算出防止边坡裂缝扩展所需要的炸药量和位置。最后用实例说明方法的应用性和可行性。
关键词：竖向裂缝；近水平层状；裂缝扩展；爆破；边坡

Dynamic analysis of nearly horizontal rock slopes with vertical cracks

Shao Jiang^1,2　Zhou Depei¹　Zhou Yinghua³　Xie Hongqiang¹
（1. Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; 2. Sichuan Provincial Communication Department Highway Planning Survey and Design Research Institute, Chengdu 610041,China;3.The Second Railway Survey and Design Institute, Chengdu 610031,China）

Abstract: Nearly horizontal rock layers in red beds are structurally quite stable, but sliding failure along weak inter-layers may occur if blasting-excavation induces vertical crack expansion and if rainfall lasts for a long period of time. It is thus meaningful to study the expanding effects of vertical cracks under dynamic loads. Based on the stress state at vertical crack tips under horizontal tensile stress, the stress concentration is analyzed as the criterion for both crack initiation and expansion. In addition, a calculation method is proposed for the distance along rock layers after the rocks is fractured. A pseudo-static method is employed to derive the stress distribution of open-type cracks under horizontal loads, from which the quantity and location of explosives can be calculated to prevent crack expansions. An example is presented to illustrate the feasibility and application of the proposed method.
Keywords: vertical crack; near-horizontal; crack expansion; blast; slope
E-mail: shj-zwy@126.com

城市地铁施工近邻短桩桥基加固效果研究

吴 波^1,2,3 刘维宁² 索晓明³ 史玉新³
（1.中铁四局集团有限公司, 安徽合肥 230023；2.北京交通大学, 北京 100044；
3.铁道第三勘察设计院, 天津 300142）

摘要：结合北京地铁10号线国贸站西北风道施工对邻近短桩桥基影响的工程问题，运用ABAQUS软件，在对施工过程进行三维动态模拟的同时，针对不同的桥基加固方案，重点研究施工过程中桥基的变形和受力性态以及桩土相互作用机理，并将部分计算结果与量测结果进行比较。研究表明，桩基托换能够有效地减少施工期间桥基的沉降；通过地面支撑减载以及在短桩底部进行局部注浆加固处理不能有效地减少施工对桥基的沉降影响。所取得的研究成果为该工程施工提供决策和指导作用，也可供类似工程参考。
关键词：城市地铁施工；短桩桥基；加固效果；桩-土相互作用；ABAQUS

A study on the reinforcement of a short-piled overpass foundation
in the vicinity of metro construction

Wu Bo^1,2,3 Liu Weining² Suo Xiaoming³ Shi Yuxin³
（1.China Railway Fourth Engineering Bureau Group Co. Ltd, Hefei 230023, China;
2.Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
3.The Third Railway Survey and Design Institute, Tianjin 300142, China）

Abstract: With regard to the effect on the adjacent short-piled overpass foundation induced by the construction of the Guomao station of Beijing Metro line 10, using the ABAQUS software, considering different reinforcement measures to protect the short-piled foundation, the metro construction process and its effect on the adjacent short-piled foundation are simulated, with an emphasis on the deformation and mechanics of the short-piled foundation as well as the mechanism of pile-soil interactions. It is found that the pile foundation settlement can be effectively controlled by underpinning, whereas ground-surface temporary support of the overpass or local grouting around the pile tips appears to have no significant effect on the pile foundation settlement.
Keywords: urban metro station construction; short-piled foundation; reinforcement effect; pile-soil interaction; ABAQUS
E-mail: gremms@126.com

基于遗传算法的停车诱导系统（PGIS）信息显示设施定位研究

晏克非 陈 群 文 雅 张宝玉
（同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：针对停车诱导信息系统（PGIS）中可变停车诱导信息显示板的定位优化问题，以诱导信息量最大为优化的目标，分析并建立了优化模型，考虑了可变信息显示板总数约束、单交叉口上信息板个数约束、所有车流均有至少一次被诱导的条件约束及可变信息板设置的疏密程度约束；探讨了用遗传算法进行模型优化求解的方法。以一个仿真示例对模型构造及求解的过程进行了阐释，运用该模型思路及模型求解方法可确定信息板在道路网络中的最佳位置。当可利用的数据资料不足时，介绍了一种简便方法来确定信息板设置的合理位置。对停车诱导系统中的可变信息板定位问题进行定量分析并建立优化模型是确定信息板在路网中最佳位置的有效方法，运用该方法可科学的指导停车诱导系统的方案设计。
关键词：停车诱导系统（PGIS）；定位；诱导信息；遗传算法

Location of sign boards in a parking guidance information system (PGIS)
based on genetic algorithm

Yan Kefei Chen Qun Wen Ya Zhang Baoyu
（Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China）

Abstract: To identify the optimal locations of various parking message sign boards in a parking guidance information system (PGIS), with an objective of maximizing the amount of guidance information, an optimization model is formulated and the corresponding analysis is carried out. In the model, several constraints are considered, these include the restrictions on the total number of boards, the number of boards at a single intersection, the condition that all vehicles should be guided at least once, and the density of boards. A discussion is given in the paper on the optimization solution by using a genetic algorithm. A simulation example is included to illustrate the construction and solution of the model. Without having adequate data, a simple method is presented to determine the optimal locations of sign boards. Quantitative analysis and formulating the optimization model is an effective way to determine the optimal locations of sign boards of a road network.
Keywords: parking guidance information system (PGIS)；location；guidance information；genetic algorithm
E-mail: chenqun631@163.com

拱坝振动台动力破坏试验研究

王海波 李德玉 陈厚群
（中国水利水电科学研究院，北京100044）

摘要：水电资源富集而高烈度地震频发的西南、西北地区的水电建设在西部大开发和全国能源合理配置中具有举足轻重的战略地位,而高拱坝抗震安全是西部水电开发建设的关键技术之一。针对拱坝在强地震动作用下的动力响应和损伤破坏过程，进行振动台模型试验研究。试验模型最大限度地模拟影响拱坝地震响应的各种主要因素，包括坝体—基础—库水间动力相互作用，坝体构造横缝，坝肩关键滑裂体，动态能量辐射等。模型坝体材料采用自然干燥粉状材料加压制成，满足模型强度相似要求。在逐级增加的输入地震作用下坝体共发生11处可确认开裂损伤，但未出现受压破坏。试验模拟呈现拱坝在地震作用下的响应及其损伤破坏过程，确定抗震薄弱部位，为全面定量评价拱坝的抗震性能提供重要依据。
关键词：拱坝；振动台；动力破坏；抗震安全

Experimental study on the dynamic failure of arch dams using a shaking table

Wang Haibo Li deyu Chen Houqun
（China Institute of Water Resource and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100044, China）

Abstract: Seismic safety of large arch dams presents a difficult design problem, constituting one of the greatest challenges in the development of hydropower in the southwest and northwest areas of China. The seismic safety of a large arch dam was studied through a shaking table experiment. The model system included a scaled arch dam (with contraction joints), part of the reservoir, part of the foundation rock mass with topographic features near the dam and key potential wedges around the abutments. A damping boundary consisting of viscous fluid was employed to simulate the effect of dynamic energy transfer to the far field, in order to characterize the dynamic interactions between the dam and the foundation. A new model material was employed to meet the requirement in strength similitude. The characteristics of major sliding planes near both abutments were carefully studied. Eleven overstressed or cracked locations were identified under strong seismic motions of different levels, with the largest being 6.5 times that of the design level. The dynamic characteristics of the arch dam system as well as its weak portions during earthquakes were discussed.
Keywords: Arch dam; shaking table; dynamic damage; seismic safety
E-mail: wanghb@iwhr.com

水电工程投资风险储备金估算数学模型研究

蔡航清^1,2 强茂山²
（1. 中国北方工业公司，北京 100053；2. 清华大学，北京100084）

摘要：为提高我国水电工程项目管理水平，采用现代风险管理的理论和方法，对建国以来若干水电工程投资变更进行量化分析，分离出当前我国水电工程建设的风险要素。在此基础上，建立一种新型的水电工程投资风险储备金估算数学模型，并给出模型中各风险变量的确定方法。运用此模型，不仅可以提高风险储备金估算的准确性，而且工程投资主体可以在项目前期主动对关键风险进行处置和管理，有效降低项目投资变动风险。
关键词：风险储备金；主观型变量；客观型变量；灰色预测法； 博克斯－詹金斯法

A study on the mathematical estimation model of contingency reserve for investments in hydro-electric engineering project

Cai HangQing^1,2 Qiang Maoshan²
（1.China North Industries Corp., Beijing 100053, China;
2.TsingHua University, Beijing 100084, China）

Abstract: The concept of contingency reserve is introduced to respond to the risks involved in the investment of hydro-electric projects. The key issue herein is how to estimate the quantity of the reserve. In order to enhance the estimate ability, a new model on the basis of modern risk management method is proposed and developed in this paper. In this model, two kinds of risk variables are defined, namely, they are subjective and objective variables. The reserve is calculated by using the formula defined in the model which involves all the variables. Three techniques are employed to estimate the probability distribution function of these variables. The gray forecasting technique and the ARMA model are discussed in some details. The proposed model can help investor to manage the key risks on a project, thus reduce its cost variations.
Keywords: contingency reserve; subjective variable; objective variable; gray forecast technique; ARMA
E-mail: chq@cwbec.com.cn

网上项目管理在我国建设项目中的应用研究

华文全
（清华大学，北京100084）

摘要：在大型、复杂的建设项目上传统的项目管理模式的缺点日益凸显，而网上项目管理作为一种新型的项目管理模式，已在国外的许多项目上取得了成功的应用。首先分析网上项目管理的有关概念及其潜在的优势，在此基础上就我国建设项目中开展网上项目管理所面临的问题进行探讨，并提出相应的对策，供我国开展网上项目管理时参考和借鉴。
关键词：网上项目管理；项目网站；项目信息管理

A study on the application of web-based construction project management in China

Hua Wenquan
（Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China）

Abstract: The disadvantage of traditional construction project management becomes more obvious for large or complex projects. On the other hand, web-based construction project management has been applied successfully in many foreign projects. This article presents the definition and advantage of web-based construction project management. Potential problems concerning application of web-based construction project management in China are discussed, and countermeasures proposed.
Keywords: web-based construction project management; project web site; project information management
E-mail: huawquan@tsinghua.edu.cn