鞍形索网等效静力风荷载研究

陈　波　 武　岳　 沈世钊
（哈尔滨工业大学，黑龙江哈尔滨 150090）

摘要: 针对大跨度屋盖结构多振型参与振动的特点，提出了一套确定该类结构等效静力风荷载的精细化方法。该方法的流程包括风振响应分析和静力等效两个阶段，每个阶段又分为平均分量、背景分量和共振分量等3个部分分别进行研究。风振响应分析时，背景响应分析采用准静力方法；共振响应分析综合运用本征正交分解法（POD法）和Ritz向量直接叠加法。静力等效时，等效静力风荷载的背景分量采用荷载响应相关系数法分析，其共振分量表示为多个主要参与振型惯性力的组合。基于本文的分析方法，对一鞍形索网结构的风振响应和等效静力风荷载进行了研究，探讨了不同风向下、针对不同响应的等效静力风荷载分布情况。结果表明本文方法能够有效地分析大跨度屋盖结构的风振响应和等效静力风荷载，能够解决大跨度屋盖结构中多振型参与振动这一主要问题。
关键词: 大跨度屋盖结构；风振响应；等效静力风荷载；Ritz向量法；本征正交分解法

Equivalent static wind loads on saddle-shaped cable structures

Chen Bo Wu Yue Shen Shizhao
(Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150090，China)

Abstract: An elaborate method is developed to analyze equivalent static wind loading (ESWL) of large span roofs, in order to cope with the problem of multi-mode vibration of these structures. The method includes two processes: the wind-induced response analysis and the static equivalent treatment. The wind-induced response and ESWL are both divided into the average, the background and the resonant components. In the process of wind-induced response analysis, background response is calculated with quasi-static method；resonant response is analyzed with the Ritz vector method incorporating the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition technique. In the process of static equivalent treatment, the background component of ESWL is obtained with the load-response-correlation method；the resonant component is expressed by several inertia loadings of dominating vibration modes. The developed method is employed to analyze wind-induced response and ESWL of a saddle-shaped cable structure. Distributions of ESWL are investigated with different wind directions and structural response types. The results show that the method is effective to study the wind-induced response and ESWL of large span roofs, by taking into account of multi-mode vibration of the structures.
Keywords: large span roof；wind-induced response；equivalent static wind loadings；Ritz vector method；Proper Orthogonal Decomposition technique
E-mail: chenbohrb@163.com

背景孔隙对开孔结构风致内压响应的影响

余世策¹　 楼文娟¹ 　孙炳楠^1，2 　孙　 斌¹
（1. 浙江大学，浙江杭州 310027；2. 浙江大学宁波理工学院，浙江宁波 315100）

摘要：通过理论分析与风洞试验研究背景孔隙对开孔结构风致内压响应的影响。利用伯努利方程导出了考虑背景孔隙的内压传播方程，通过数值算例分析了层流与紊流中背景孔隙的附加阻尼特性，并给出了紊流风场中背景孔隙对内压脉动影响的量化指标。设计制作了具有不同开孔率和背景孔隙率的低层建筑刚性模型进行边界层风洞试验，采用同步测压方法捕捉了内压稳态响应，验证了内压的空间完全相关性，试验得到的均方根内压系数与理论分析结果较为相符。研究结果表明本文推导的方程能准确的预测背景孔隙对风致内压响应的影响，能为工程抗风设计提供有效的理论依据。
关键词：开孔结构；风致内压响应；背景孔隙；内压传播方程；时程分析

Influence of background porosity on wind-induced internal pressure
response for structures with openings

Yu Shice¹　 Lou Wenjuan¹　 Sun Bingnan^1，2　 Sun Bin¹
(1. Zhejiang University，Hangzhou 310027，China；
2. Ningbo College of Technology，Zhejiang University，Ningbo 315100，China)

Abstract: Theoretical analysis and wind tunnel tests were carried out to study the influence of background porosity on wind-induced internal pressure response for structures with openings. The governing differential equation for structure with single dominant opening considering background porosity was derived using the unsteady-isentropic form of the Bernoulli equation. Numerical examples were provided to study the additive damping caused by background porosity in laminar and turbulent flow, also presented a quantitative index on the influence of the fluctuating internal pressure. A series of low-rise building models with various opening ratios and background porosity were designed and wind tunnel tests were conducted. Internal pressure coefficient time histories obtained from these tests confirms the full correlation of internal pressure response, and the test results agree well with the theoretical analysis. It is shown that background porosity reduces internal pressure fluctuation and this effect can be predicted accurately by using the governing differential equation deduced in this paper.
Keywords: structure with openings；wind-induced internal pressure response；background porosity；governing equation for external to internal pressure；time-history analysis
E-mail: gafflin@163.com

矩形钢管焊接空心球节点承载能力的简化理论解与

实用计算方法研究
董石麟¹ 　邢 丽¹　 赵 阳¹　 顾 磊²　 傅学怡²
（1.　浙江大学空间结构研究中心，浙江杭州310027；2.　中建国家游泳中心设计联合体，北京100029）

摘要：国家游泳中心“水立方”的新型多面体空间刚架结构采用配合矩形钢管、且承受轴力与弯矩共同作用的焊接空心球节点，目前规范对该类节点的设计方法尚属空白。在有限元分析和试验研究的基础上，进一步研究轴力、弯矩及两者共同作用下矩形钢管焊接空心球节点的承载能力及设计方法。首先推导基于冲切面剪应力破坏模型的节点承载力简化理论解，从而得到节点承载力计算公式的基本形式。在此基础上，利用有限元分析和试验结果，建立了轴力、单向弯矩以及两者共同作用下节点承载力的实用计算公式。对双向任意弯矩作用的情况，提出了基于线性插值的简化计算方法。成果可供实际工程设计采用，也可供相关规程修订时参考。
关键词：焊接空心球节点；矩形钢管；承载能力；简化理论解；实用计算方法

Simplified theoretical solution and practical calculation method for welded hollow spherical joints of rectangular hollow section members

Dong Shilin¹　 Xing Li¹　 Zhao Yang¹　 Gu Lei²　 Fu Xueyi²
(1.　Space Structures Research Center，Zhejiang University，Hangzhou 310027，China；
2.　CSCEC National Swimming Center Design Consortium，Beijing 100０2９，China)

Abstract: Welded hollow spherical joints of rectangular hollow section members, subjected to combined axial forces and bending moments, are employed in the polyhedron spatial frame for the National Swimming Center, the “Water Cube”. No provision is provided in current design codes for such joints. On the basis of finite element analysis and experimental study, the load-bearing capacity of and the design method for these joints, subjected to axial forces, bending moments,　or combinations of the two, are investigated. Based on the punch-shear failure model, a simplified theoretical solution is derived for the loading-bearing capacity of the joints, and basic form of the design equation is obtained. By utilizing the results from finite element analysis and experimental study, a practical calculation method is established for the load-bearing capacity of the joints. For joints subject to biaxial bending moments, a simplified method is proposed based on linear interpolation.
Keywords: welded hollow spherical joint；rectangular hollow section；load-bearing capacity；simplified theoretical solution；practical calculation method
E-mail: ceyzhao@zju.edu.cn

钢管混凝土受轴向局压荷载时的工作机理研究

刘　 威^1，2　 韩林海³
(1.五洲工程设计研究院，北京100053；2. 福州大学，福建福州350002；3. 清华大学，北京100084)

摘要：采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对钢管混凝土受轴向局压荷载时的工作机理进行了研究。计算和分析钢管混凝土受局压时的荷载-变形全过程关系曲线，计算曲线与实验曲线吻合较好。通过分析局压面积比、截面含钢率、钢材和混凝土强度以及端板刚度等对钢管混凝土局压力学性能的影响规律，较深入地认识了钢管混凝土受轴向局压荷载时的工作机理。研究表明，在距局压端高度约0.8倍截面直径或1.0倍截面边长的局压影响区内，核心混凝土局压承载强度与塑性性能有所提高，此局压影响区随局压面积比的增大而减小；随着含钢率和钢材强度的增加，钢管混凝土的局压承载力与塑性性能提高；随着混凝土强度的增加，钢管混凝土局压承载力提高，塑性性能降低；随着端板刚度的增加，局压受力性能趋近于全截面受力的情况。最后，在系统参数分析结果的基础上，提出钢管混凝土局压承载力实用计算方法。
关键词：钢管混凝土；局压；有限元法；力学性能；承载力

Behaviors of concrete-filled steel tubes subject axial local compression

Liu Wei^1，2　Han Linhai³
(1.Wuzhou Engineering Design and Research Institute,Beijing 100053,China; 2.Fuzhou University,Fuzhou 350002,China; 3.Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

Abstract: The behavior of concrete-filled steel tubes（CFST）subject to local axial compression is analyzed by using the ABAQUS software. Load-deformation relationship curves of CFST under local compression are calculated and analyzed. The calculated curves agree well with the experiment curves. The influence of local compression area ratio, steel ratio, strength of steel and concrete, rigidity of end plates and so forth on CFST local compression behavior are analyzed. The results indicate that the core concrete bearing strength and plasticity would increase in the local compression influence zone, which is 0.8 times the diameter or 1.0 times the side length of the section of the local compression end. This influence region decreases with the increase of local compression area ratio. The bearing strength and the plasticity increase with the increase of steel ratio and steel strength. The bearing strength increases with the enhanced concrete strength, and the plasticity decreases with the enhanced concrete strength. The behavior of CFST member under local compression tends to approach that of the fully compressed ones with the increasing of end plate rigidity. Finally, based on a systematic parameter analysis, a method of calculating the CFST local compression bearing capacity is proposed.
Keywords: concrete-filled steel tubes（CFST）；local compression；finite element method（FEM）；mechanics；bearing capacity
E-mail: celiuwei@163.com

开口截面钢-混凝土组合梁弯扭性能非线性分析

聂建国　 唐　 亮
（清华大学，北京 100084）

摘要：在钢筋混凝土变角软化桁架模型的基础上，提出了适于分析开口截面钢-混凝土组合梁弯扭性能的三维桁架模型。在弯扭作用下，组合梁截面各单元分别处于一维应力状态（体系1）和二维应力状态（体系2），体系1用来抵抗由弯矩和扭矩引起的截面纵向应力，体系2用来抵抗由扭矩引起的截面剪应力，两者通过截面的纵向应变协调和内力平衡条件联系起来。分析充分满足平衡条件、变形协调条件和材料本构方程。通过对部分试件的计算验证，结果表明该模型不仅可以用于预测组合梁的极限强度，而且为混凝土翼板开裂后组合梁全过程分析，提供了有效途径。
关键词：开口截面钢-混凝土组合梁；弯扭作用；变角软化桁架模型；非线性分析

Nonlinear analysis of composite steel-concrete beams with open sections under combined bending and torsion

Nie Jianguo　 Tang Liang
(Tsinghua University，Beijing 100084，China)

Abstract: Based on the rotating-angle softened truss model theory，a three-dimensional truss model is presented for the analysis of composite steel-concrete beams with open sections under combined bending and torsion. In this model, each element of the section is subjected to two systems of stresses separately. A one-dimensional stress system to resists the longitudinal stresses due to bending and torsion, and a two-dimensional stress system to resists the shear stresses due to torsion. The two stress systems are combined through the compatibility of strains and the equilibrium of stresses in the longitudinal direction. The equilibrium equations, compatibility equations and the constitutive laws of materials are satisfied. Through the analysis of several available examples, this model can predict not only the ultimate strength of the composite member, but also provide a tool to obtain the entire load-deformation history after the cracking of the concrete flange.
Keywords: composite steel-concrete beams with open sections；combined bending and torsion；rotating-angle softened truss model；nonlinear analysis
E-mail: niejg@tsinghua.edu.cn

轴心受压钢骨-方钢管自密实高强混凝土短柱的力学性能研究

朱美春^1，2　 王清湘¹　 冯秀峰³
（1. 大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室，辽宁大连 116024；2. 中国海洋大学，山东青岛 266071；3. 青岛市国土资源和房屋管理局，山东青岛 266002）

摘要：对钢骨-方钢管自密实高强混凝土短柱的轴压力学性能进行了试验研究和理论分析。通过13根短柱试件的轴压试验，研究了混凝土的强度、方钢管的宽厚比和型钢的用量等因素对该组合柱受力性能的影响。试验结果表明，方钢管、混凝土和钢骨的协同工作使该组合柱具有很高的承载力和很好的延性，其中方钢管的宽厚比是影响核心混凝土强度提高的主要因素，而混凝土的强度、方钢管的宽厚比和型钢的用量等因素对构件延性的提高均具有显著影响。在试验研究的基础上提出了核心约束混凝土的应力-应变模型，并利用该模型对钢骨-方钢管自密实高强混凝土轴心受压短柱的荷载-轴向变形关系曲线进行了计算，计算得到的极限承载力和峰值荷载后的变形规律均与试验结果吻合良好。该模型还可用于抗震结构中组合柱弯矩-曲率关系曲线的分析。
关键词：组合柱；应力-应变模型；高强混凝土；自密实混凝土；约束效应

Behavior of axially-loaded square steel tube short columns filled with steel-reinforced self-consolidating high-strength concrete

Zhu Meichun^1，2 　Wang Qingxiang¹　 Feng Xiufeng³
(1. State Key Lab of Loastal and Offshone Engineering，Dalian University of Technology，
Dalian 116024，China；2. Ocean University of China，Qingdao 266071，China；3. Bureau
of Land Resources and Housing Administration of Qingdao，Qingdao 266002，China)

Abstract: The mechanical behavior of a new type of composite column, composed of square steel tube filled with steel-reinforced self-compacting high-strength concrete and subjected to axial compressive load, is investigated through experimental study and theoretical analysis. Thirteen specimens of short columns were tested under axial compression. Effects of the concrete strength, the width-to-thickness ratio of the tube, and the steel ratio of the skeleton ρss on the behavior of the composite column are discussed. The results show that the composite columns are of high strength and ductility due to the concerted actions of the steel tube, the concrete and the steel skeleton. The width-to-thickness ratio of the tube has the most significant effect on the increase of the strength of the core concrete, while the concrete strength, the width-to-thickness ratio of the tube, and the steel ratio of the skeleton ρss have significant effects on the increase of the ductility of the columns. Based on the experimental results, a stress-strain model for confined core concrete is proposed. The model is employed to calculate the full-range load-deformation relationship for composite columns under axial load. The calculated ultimate strength and post-peak response agree well with the test results. The proposed stress-strain model for core concrete can be employed for moment-curvature analysis of composite columns used in earthquake resisting structures.
Keywords: composite columns；stress-strain model；high-strength concrete；self-compacting concrete；confinement effect
E-mail: meichunzhu@163.com

动荷载下锈蚀钢筋混凝土粘结滑移特性的试验研究

郑晓燕¹　 吴胜兴²
(1. 南京林业大学，江苏南京 210037；2. 河海大学，江苏南京 210098）

摘要：通过对不同锚固长度、不同锈蚀程度的18个柱式试件动态拉伸试验，研究了锈蚀程度、锚固长度对钢筋与混凝土之间粘结滑移的影响。结果表明：自由端初滑移是在整个锚固长度内胶着力破坏后才开始；钢筋锈蚀深度越大，自由端初滑移荷载越小，加载端和自由端滑移差越小；锚固长度越短，两端滑移差越小。根据实测资料，拟合出了残余滑移量计算公式。基于几个循环的粘结应力与滑移曲线的分析，初步探究了动荷载下锈蚀钢筋混凝土的粘结机理，动荷载下肋前混凝土受压变形比静载作用下的大，钢筋锈蚀物膨胀产生内裂缝，从而使得动载下锈蚀钢筋与混凝土之间的滑移量比静载下钢筋与混凝土之间的滑移量大。研究结果对动力荷载下服役钢筋混凝土结构的受力性能分析和结构耐久性设计具有指导意义。
关键词：锈蚀钢筋；粘结滑移；动荷载；拉伸试验

An experimental study on the bond-slip behavior of corroded steel bars in concrete under dynamic loads

Zheng Xiaoyan¹　Wu Shengxing²
(1.Nanjing Forestry University,Nanjing 210037,China; 2.Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China)

Abstract: Dynamic load tests are conducted on 18 large size column-type specimens with reinforcing bars in various states of corrosion and different anchorage lengths. The effects of corrosion and anchorage on bond-slip between the concrete and the steel bars are studied. The result indicates that the slip-initiation at the free end starts when the adhesion between the concrete and the corroded steel bars over the entire length of anchorage vanishes. The higher the degree of corrosion, the lower the slip-initiation load will be, and the less the difference in slips between the free end and the loaded end. The shorter the anchorage length, the less the difference between the free end slip and the loaded end slip will be. Based on the test results, a formula to calculate the residual slip is established. The dynamic bond-anchorage mechanism of concrete reinforced with corrosive bars is studied. The result indicates that the slip between corroded re-bar and concrete under dynamic load is larger than that caused by static load.
Keywords: corroded re-bar；bond-slip；dynamic load；tension test
E-mail: xyzh@njfu.com.cn

不同粘结介质中CFRP筋锚固性能的试验研究

方　志¹　 梁　栋²　 蒋田勇¹
（1. 湖南大学，湖南长沙 410082；2. 同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：为寻求一种更好的粘结介质以改善CFRP筋粘结式锚具的锚固性能，通过静载试验研究了不同表面形状和锚固长度的CFRP筋在超高性能混凝土RPC、环氧铁砂、环氧石英砂和普通混凝土等四种不同粘结介质中的受力锚固特征。结果表明： CFRP筋的表面形状显著影响其锚固性能；CFRP筋在环氧铁砂和环氧石英砂中的锚固性能基本一致；在其他条件相同时，RPC对CFRP筋的锚固性能最好，环氧砂次之，普通混凝土较差；对于抗拉强度保证值2550 MPa、直径10 mm的表面压纹CFRP筋，其在抗压强度为130 MPa的RPC中的锚固长度达到25 d（d为CFRP筋的直径）时即可保证CFRP筋的强度予以充分发挥，而同样的CFRP筋在环氧砂和普通混凝土中的锚固长度为35 d时亦不能保证CFRP筋被拉断。因此，在目前可供选择的粘结介质中，RPC作为综合性能优良的粘结介质可在粘结式锚具中对具有表面压纹的高强CFRP筋提供最有效的锚固。
关键词：CFRP；RPC；环氧树脂；粘结；锚固

Experimental investigation on the anchorage performance of CFRP tendon in different bond mediums

Fang Zhi¹　 Liang Dong²　 Jiang Tianyong¹
(1. Hunan University，Changsha 410082，China；2. Tongji University，Shanghai 200092，China)

Abstract: In order to find a better bond medium to improve the performance of bond-type anchorage systems for CFRP（Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer/Plastics）tendons, pull-out tests on the behavior of bond-type anchorage for CFRP tendons were conducted. The test parameters in all 30 specimens include 2 different tendon surface shapes, plain or indented, 4 different bond mediums of ultra high performance concrete RPC（Reactive Powder Concrete），epoxy steel ball, epoxy silica sand and normal concrete and different grouted length of tendons from 15d to 45d（d refers to the diameter of CFRP tendon）. Test results indicate that the surface shape of CFRP tendon has significant effect on tendon’s anchorage behavior in all 4 bond-mediums. The influence of different aggregates with steel ball and silica sand in epoxy to the bond behavior of the epoxy medium could be neglected. Further, the anchorage performance of CFRP tendon in RPC is the best and in normal concrete the worst. As for the intended surface of CFRP tendon with a 2550 MPa guaranteed tensile strength and a 10 mm diameter, the grouted length of 25d in the RPC of a compressive strength 130 MPa can thoroughly bring out CFRP tendon’s tensile strength. However, a grouted length of 35d in epoxy sand and normal concrete still could not assure the same tendon to be ruptured. In the case of different bond media, RPC shows the best performance as a bond medium in the bond-type anchorage for the indented surface CFRP tendons.
Keywords: CFRP；RPC；epoxy；bond；anchorage
E-mail: fangzhi@hnu.net.cn

建筑结构抗震设防等级个数的研究

马宏旺¹　 吕西林²　 陈晓宝¹
（1. 上海交通大学，上海200240；2. 同济大学，上海　200092）

摘要：明确的多级抗震设防思想被国内外工程抗震界广为接受，目的就是结构抗震设计不仅要保护生命的安全，同时也要做到经济合理。但是究竟采用几个设防水平是足够的，才能实现既安全又经济的设防目标，目前还没有一个理论的解释。本文就是针对这一问题，以能否实现明确多级设防的基本目的为原则，把采用连续化思想确定的经济损失作为精确值，用不同设防等级情况下确定的经济损失与之比较，两者之间相差在一定精度范围内的最小设防个数被认为是合理的设防等级个数。根据实例研究表明，目前三水平设防等级还不足以控制结构未来的经济损失，而设防水平达到5个等级时，两种方法给出的经济损失估计值才比较接近。
关键词：设防等级个数；多级设防；连续方法

A study on seismic performance levels of building structures

Ma Hongwang¹　 Lu Xilin²　 Chen Xiaobao¹
(1. Shanghai Jiaotong University，Shanghai 200240，Ｃhina；2. Tongji University，Shanghai 200092，China)

Abstract: Definite multi-performance levels seismic design is broadly accepted in earthquake engineering, with the objective of not only protecting human life but also making seismic designs economical. However, there is not yet a theoretical method to determine the sufficient numbers of performance levels to meet the design objective. A new method, based on theoretical analysis, is presented for determining the number of seismic performance levels. An index is calculated as the ratio of the economic loss estimated by using the continuity method and the economic loss calculated by using the discrete method with different seismic performance levels. The minimum number of performance levels is considered as the rational result when the index is within a prescribed small range. The analysis indicates that five performance levels are adequate to control economic loss, whereas three performance levels are not.
Keywords: seismic performance levels；multi-performance levels seismic design；continuity method
E-mail: hwma@sjtu.edu.cn

滚轴滚动摩擦系数研究与建筑物迁移工程水平动力计算

吴二军¹　 郭　 彤²　 李爱群²
（1.　河海大学，江苏南京　210098；2.　东南大学，江苏南京　210096）

摘要：滚轴滚动摩擦系数是建筑物整体迁移工程水平动力计算的重要参数，在钢管混凝土滚轴与钢板的滚动摩擦试验中，测得滚动摩擦系数为0.002～0.004，它随滚轴受到的竖向压力增大而减小。现场实测值为0.04～0.067，表明现场条件对滚动摩擦系数影响很大。通过分析滚轴滚动摩擦时的赫兹接触模型，推导出滚动摩擦系数理论公式，式中滚动摩擦系数与竖向压力的平方根成正比(和试验值规律不同)，和半径、有效支承长度、弹性模量的平方根成反比。在理论公式和几个实际工程现场测试基础上，进一步提出建筑物整体迁移工程中滚动摩擦系数与水平动力的实用计算公式，式中以实际工程状况系数K反应现场条件影响。钢管混凝土滚轴、实心钢滚轴、工程塑料滚轴启动时的实际工程状况系数K取值范围分别建议为1.15～1.35、0.7～1.0、0.6～0.7。
关键词：滚动摩擦系数；滚轴；整体迁移工程；水平动力

A study on the rolling friction coefficient and the horizontal driving-force calculation in building monolithic moving engineering

Wu Erjun¹　 Guo Tong²　 Li Aiqun²
（1. Hohai University，Nanjing　210098，China；2.　Southeast University，Nanjing　210096，China）

Abstract: The rolling friction coefficient between roller and track is an important parameter in building monolithic moving engineering. A rolling friction experiment is conducted, and the results indicate that the rolling friction coefficient between the steel-tube concrete roller and the steel plate is 0.002~0.004, and decreases with the increases of vertical pressure. Because the field condition is complex and very different from the lab condition, the rolling friction coefficient from field test is 0.04~ 0.067. According to the Hertz contact model of rolling friction, a theoretical calculation formula for rolling friction coefficient is derived. The rolling friction coefficient is proportional to the square root of vertical pressure on the roller, and inversely proportional to the square roots of the roller radius, the effective supporting length, and the elastic modulus of the friction material. Based on the theoretical formula and field test results in several projects, the application formula of the horizontal driving-force is established. A coefficient is devised to take account of the influence of field conditions. The value of this coefficient is related to the style of the roller and field conditions, and with the horizontal driving-force for rolling initiation being calculated, it is equal to 1.15~1.35, 0.7~1.0 and 0.6~ 0.7 for steel-tube concrete roller, solid steel roller and engineering plastics roller, respectively.
Keywords: rolling friction coefficient；roller；monolithic moving engineering；horizontal driving-force
E-mail: wwwerjun@163.com

钢结构井架动力特性测试分析与提高承载力研究

于广云　 葛新辉　 李宏波　 王伯平
（中国矿业大学，江苏徐州 221008）

摘要：由于煤矿主井井架提升能力的增加，引起井架杆件受力增大，受迫振动频率增大，导致安全性能降低。针对该井架具体情况，采用增大杆件截面的方法对其进行了加固。应用SAP2000有限元软件，建立三维有限元模型，对其自振特性和加固前后的杆件应力进行了对比分析，加固后杆件最大应力大大降低；通过加固前后不同荷载下的动力测试，对加固后井架的运行状况作出评估与分析，在原提升荷载和新提升荷载下，井架工作时平均振动频率都有很大幅度的减小。有限元计算和现场测试表明，井架加固后使安全性能大大提高，采用增大截面的方法可以提高钢结构井架的承载力。
关键词：钢结构井架；增大截面；有限元；动力测试

Test and analysis of dynamic characteristics and enhanced
bearing capacity of steel headframes

Yu Guangyun　 Ge Xinhui　 Li Hongbo　 Wang Boping
（China University of Mining & Technology，Xuzhou 221008，China）

Abstract: The safety of a main well headframe would be reduced significantly, due to increased loading capacity and higher vibration frequency in a coalmine. In order to alleviate this problem, the headframe was strengthened by using structural members with larger cross sectional areas. A finite element model using the structural analysis software, SAP2000, was created to study the headframe’s natural vibration characteristics and the state of member forces. It was found that member forces are significantly reduced after the reinforcement of structural members. In addition, dynamic test was performed on the headframe before and after reinforcements under different loads. Based on the dynamic test, an evaluation and analysis of the actual state of the strengthened headframe was obtained. According to the measured data from the dynamic test and the calculated results, the safety of the headframe was greatly improved, indicating that by enlarging the members’ cross-sections it can indeed increase the bearing capacity of the headframe.
Keywords: steel structure headframe；enlarging cross-sections；finite element model；dynamic test
E-mail: gyyu@cumt.edu.cn

大跨度斜拉桥抖振时域分析理论实例验证及影响因素分析

韩万水　 陈艾荣　 胡晓伦
（同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：为了进行对现有抖振时域分析理论的实例验证，在杭州湾跨海大桥全桥模型风洞试验中，不仅对抖振位移进行了测量，还通过在塔根布设动态应变片完成了桥塔内力的实测。采用考虑桥塔风效应的抖振时域分析方法计算出大跨度斜拉桥的抖振响应，气动导纳分别取1和Sears函数，采用等效风谱法计算考虑气动导纳修正的抖振力，对风洞的空间相关性进行了测量研究并分别探讨了Sears气动导纳函数及空间相关性对抖振响应的影响，与风洞试验结果进行了对比分析。分析比较表明：当衰减因子l取实测值12.9时，风洞试验结果都介于导纳为1和导纳为Sears函数所计算的抖振响应之间，导纳取Sears函数将得到偏不安全的结果；空间相关系数对抖振响应影响较大，采用风洞实测的相关系数得到的抖振响应比采用《公路桥梁抗风设计指南》建议相关系数所得抖振响应小13%~22%。通过杭州湾跨海大桥的实例验证发现现有抖振时域分析理论并不能完全精确预测桥梁的抖振响应，抖振响应计算值与试验值存在一定的差距。
关键词： 大跨度斜拉桥；抖振时域分析；实例验证；内力；气动导纳；Sears函数；空间相关性

Verification of time-domain buffeting theory and analysis of influence
factors for long-span cable-stayed bridges

Han Wanshui Chen Airong Hu Xiaolun
(Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)

Abstract: In order to verify the current time-domain buffeting theory, not only the buffeting-induced structural displacements but also the buffeting-induced internal forces at the bottom of the towers were measured by means of dynamic strain gauges in a full model test of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge. A time-domain buffeting analysis considering pylon wind field was conducted to analyze the buffeting responses, the aerodynamic admittance function was set as 1 and Sears, respectively, and the equivalent wind spectrum method was used to calculate the buffeting loads while considering aerodynamic admittance function. A study on the spatial correlation of wind tunnel tests was carried out, and the influences of Sears admittance function and spatial correlation on the buffeting responses were investigated. The numerical results were compared with wind tunnel test results. The comparison shows that when the decay factor l is 12.9, wind tunnel test results fall between buffeting responses with aerodynamic admittance being set to 1 and Sears, the results calculated with Sears function being on the unsafe side. Spatial correlation greatly influences buffeting responses, the buffeting responses being reduced by about 13%~22% when the spatial correlation was changed from the one specified in《Wind resistant design guideline for highway bridges》to the one measured in wind tunnel test. Verification of the Hangzhou Bay Bridge shows that the current time-domain buffeting theory cannot predict bridge buffeting-induced responses accurately, and there exists certain discrepency between the calculation and the tunnel test results.
Keywords: long-span cable-stayed bridge；time-domain buffeting analysis；example verification；internal forces；aerodynamic admittance；Sears function；spatial correlation
E-mail: 0310020086@smail.tongji.edu.cn

杭州湾跨海大桥混凝土结构耐久性解决方案

张宝胜¹　 干伟忠²　 陈　 涛¹
（1. 杭州湾大桥工程指挥部，浙江宁波315327； 2. 宁波工程学院，浙江宁波315016）

摘要：为了确保杭州湾跨海大桥混凝土工程达到100年设计使用年限，根据特殊腐蚀环境进行相应的混凝土结构耐久性研究和设计。结合当前现有研究成果，对海洋环境下钢筋混凝土结构的腐蚀破化特征和防护技术进行介绍。针对本工程混凝土结构的不同部位，提出混凝土结构耐久性多层次综合方案体系、海工耐久混凝土设计原则、耐久性关键指标与评估试验方法、施工及质量验收标准、混凝土结构基本防腐蚀措施和附加防腐蚀措施及其基于耐久性的相互协同解决方案，并通过建立耐久性无损监测系统和暴露试验站对混凝土结构的预期寿命进行预测评估。分析结果表明，对混凝土结构的特定腐蚀环境，提出耐久性解决方案是经济可行的。本研究对同类跨海大桥的耐久性设计与施工具有一定的参考价值。
关键词：跨海大桥；混凝土结构；耐久性；使用年限；评估

Strategies to ensure durability of concrete structure for Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Zhang Baosheng¹　 Gan Weizhong²　 Chen Tao¹
( 1. Construction Headquarters of Hangzhou Bay Bridge, Ningbo 315327, China；
2. Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China )

Abstract: In order to ensure the design service life of 100 years for the Hangzhou Bay Bridge, taking into consideration of the special corrosive environment, study and design on durability of concrete structure are conducted. The latest relevant research results are introduced, and the corrosion characteristics of and protection techniques for marine reinforced concrete structures are discussed. Considering various parts of reinforced concrete structure of the project, a multilevel comprehensive plan for the overall durability of reinforced concrete structures is proposed. These include design principles for the mix of marine durable concrete, durability indices and the corresponding evaluation method, standard for construction and quality acceptance, basic protective measures and additional protective measures for concrete structure, and durability-based solutions for synchronous cooperation. Moreover, the expected service life of concrete structure is assessed through establishing a non-destructive permanent monitoring system of a corrosion risk and exposure testing station. Based on the analysis, strategies to ensure durability of the concrete structure are economical and feasible under the corrosive environment. The results of the present study may serve as a reference for durability design and construction of similar cross-sea bridges.
Keywords: cross-sea bridge；concrete structure；durability；service life；assessment
E-mail: gan@nbut.cn

杭州湾跨海大桥关键技术研究与实施

吕忠达^1，2
（1. 长安大学，陕西西安710064；2. 杭州湾大桥工程指挥部，浙江宁波315327）

摘要：杭州湾跨海大桥地处强潮海湾，建设条件复杂，工程规模大，为解决跨海长桥设计和施工中遇到的特殊困难和问题，对GPS全天候测量控制技术，大型预应力混凝土箱梁预制、运输和架设，大直径超长钢管桩设计、制造、防腐和施工，海洋环境混凝土耐久性，灾害天气对大桥行车安全影响等关键技术问题进行了专项研究，并付诸工程实施，解决了海上长桥工程测量、大型预应力混凝土箱梁早期裂缝控制、重型箱梁梁上运输和架设、大直径钢管桩施工及混凝土耐久性等工程技术难题，为保障大桥顺利建设和运营期行车安全及桥梁使用寿命提供了理论依据和工程指导，并为我国跨海桥梁建设积累了经验。
关键词：跨海大桥；工程测量；耐久性；运营安全；关键技术

Key technologies for Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Lu Zhongda^1，2
（1. Chang’an University, Xian 710064, China; 2. Engineering Construction Headquarter
of Hangzhou Bay Bridge, Ningbo 315327,China）

Abstract: Due to the complicated construction condition and the large scale of bay bridges, the design and construction of Hangzhou Bay Bridge would inevitably encounter numerous obstacles during construction. A series of key technologies, such as GPS-based all-weather survey and control technique, prefabrication, transport and erection of large scale pre-stressed concrete box girders, design, manufacturing, preservation and construction of large-diameter extra-long steel tube piles, durability of concrete structure in the marine environment, influences of catastrophic weather on traffic safety, and the corresponding application methods are proposed. Solutions are presented for the survey of the long-span bay bridge, early-stage crack control of large scale pre-stressed concrete box girders, transport and erection of heavy box girders, construction of large-diameter steel tube piles and durability of concrete, etc. The results will serve as a theoretical foundation and guidance for successful construction, operation safety and sufficient durability of Hangzhou Bay Bridge, and also as a reference for design and construction of other bay bridges in China.
Keywords: cross-sea bridge；engineering survey；durability；operation safety；key technology
E-mail: LZD@zj165.com

近距离上部穿越对原有隧道沉降的影响分析

陈　亮¹　 黄宏伟²　 王如路³
（1. 上海市建设工程管理有限公司，上海200031；2. 同济大学, 上海200092; 3.上海地铁运营有限公司, 上海200031）

摘要：结合现场监测数据和理论分析，对隧道近距离上穿已有隧道引起的纵向变形过程及其产生原因和机理进行了分析研究。研究发现，在软土层中直径在6 m左右的隧道施工，在距离原有隧道10 m以外的工况下，对原有隧道纵向沉降基本不会造成影响；穿越过程中，由于土体卸载等原因，已有隧道纵向沉降主要表现为隆起，且后期变化较大；发现隧道上穿后产生的隆起值占最终值近70%，且在10~15天后达到最大值，而后产生少量回落，大约占最终隆起值的15%。研究表明，隧道沉降变化可分为先期沉降、隧道通过时隆起、隧道穿越后一段时间内的隆起和后期沉降4个阶段，且主要变形发生在穿越以后。
关键词：盾构隧道；近距离上部穿越；纵向沉降

Analysis of the observed longitudinal settlement of a tunnel caused
by an adjacent shield tunneling on top

Chen Liang¹　 Huang Hongwei²　 Wang Rulu³
(1. Shanghai Construction Engineering Administration Co., Ltd., Shanghai200031,China；2. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 3. Shanghai Metro Operation Corporation，Shanghai 200031，China）

Abstract: Combining monitoring data and theoretical analysis, the process of the longitudinal settlement of an existing tunnel caused by an adjacent shield tunneling on top is studied. It is concluded that when the cross tunneling is more than 10 meters away the settlement caused is negligible. It is also found that in the process of the tunneling on top, due to the unloading of the soil, settlement of the existing tunnel manifests mainly in the form of upheaval. This upheaval during the construction deserves close attention as it may account for almost 69% of the final settlement. The maximum settlement will be reached 10~15 days later after the crossing, and then the upheaval will be reduced by a small amount, about 15% of the final settlement. The results indicate that the settlement process can be divided into four phases: the settlement in advance, the upheaval during the crossing, the upheaval in short-term after the crossing, and the long-term settlement, with the major settlement occuring mainly after the crossing.
Keywords: shield tunnel；adjacent upper cross tunneling；longitudinal settlement
E-mail: a.chen@126.com

地下水封式液化石油气储藏洞库修建技术

谭忠盛¹　 万姜林²　 张振刚¹
（1.北京交通大学，北京100044；2.中铁隧道集团有限公司，河南洛阳471009）

摘要：结合汕头地下水封式LPG储库的修建，研究储气库的水压密封原理及LPG洞储的气密条件，并通过渗流场的三维数值模拟，得出储气库周围的压力水头及水力梯度的分布规律，验证气密性条件和设置人工水幕的必要性。由于洞库是裸洞储气，且埋深大、跨度大，因此进行了洞室稳定性的三维数值分析，同时优化施工方案，确保施工及运营过程洞室的稳定性。介绍注浆和水幕钻孔技术，这是地下水封式LPG储库修建的两项关键技术，良好的注浆效果可以减少开挖期间的渗漏水、有利于保持必要的水位线、有利于封闭裂隙而减少气体逃逸，水幕钻孔是运营期间水幕保持良好工作状态的保证。汕头地下水封式LPG储库的修建技术对今后我国地下水封式储气库的设计、施工都有一定的参考价值。
关键词：水密封；液化石油气；地下储库；设计；施工

Construction technology of underground water-seal liquefied petroleum gas storage

Tan Zhongsheng¹　 Wan jianglin²　 Zhang zhengang¹
（1.Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044，China；
2.China Railway Tunnel Group, Luoyang 471009，China）

Abstract: Based on the construction of the underground water-seal LPG storage in Shantou, water-seal principle and the associated condition of airproof are studied in this paper. Three-dimensional numerical seepage analysis is carried out for LPG underground storage, to validate the necessity of airproof condition and manual water curtain, and to obtain the distributions of water pressure and hydraulic gradient around the LPG storage. Because the storage is unlined, deeply buried and has a large span, a three-dimensional stability analysis is also conducted. The construction scheme is optimized to ensure the stability of the storage. Two important techniques, grouting and water-curtain drilling, are introduced. The grouting method can reduce water seepage during construction, also keep the water at an adequate level. The end result is to seal fractures, thus prevent any air outflow. On the other hand, use of the water-curtain drilling method can ensure a good water-curtain condition during operation.
Keywords: water-seal；LPG；underground storage；design；construction
E-mail: zstan@vip.sina.com

考虑黄土结构性变化的地基增湿压缩变形分析

邵生俊　 周飞飞　 宋春霞
(西安理工大学，陕西西安710048)

摘要：通过湿陷性黄土的侧限压缩试验，按照损伤力学复合体理论，研究了压缩应力应变曲线及其切线压缩模量的变化规律，提出了能够考虑加载及增湿耦合作用的结构损伤比，并在考虑实际地基浸水和附加应力变化的耦合作用下，建立了切线压缩模量随含水量和附加应力连续变化的函数。发现切线压缩模量随压应力的增大而减小，随含水量的升高而降低；压缩应力和增湿作用下的结构损伤性较压硬性更加突出，加荷和增湿作用过程就是黄土结构的损伤过程。基于黄土的结构损伤比，给出了地基土压缩模量随含水量和压缩应力连续变化的函数，提出的地基沉降验算方法是评价湿陷性黄土地基可能湿陷量的一条有效途径。
关键词：湿陷性黄土；土结构性；损伤演化；增湿变形；黄土地基

Analysis of moistening and compression deformation of loess
considering soil structure variations

Shao Shengjun　 Zhou Feifei　 Song Chunxia
(Xi’an University of Technology，Xi’an710048，China)

Abstract: Based on the analysis of large amount of confined compression test data of collapsed loess, the compressive stress-strain curves and the tangent compression modulus are studied. With the composite damage theory of soils, a damage ratio of collapsed loess is proposed, with the coupled action of increased compression stress and water content considered. The constitutive variation of the compression tangent modulus of collapsed loess is established as a function of compression stress and water content. It is found that tangent compression modulus decreases with increasing of compression stress and water content; the damage of loess structure subjected to compression stress is more pronounced than its compaction, and the gradual tangent modulus decrease reflects the damage of the loess structure. Based on the damage ratio of the loess structure, the change in compression modulus of collapsed loess can be expressed as a function of the compression stress and water content. The proposed method of evaluating the potential settlement of loess foundation is an effective approach.
Keywords: collapsible loess；soil structure；damage；moistening deformation；loess foundation
E-mail:sjshao@xaut.edu.cn

高层建筑地基基础概念设计的思考

刘金砺
（中国建筑科学研究院，北京100013）

摘要：基于高层建筑箱、筏、桩筏基础变形、反力等实测资料的分析指出，按传统理念设计的箱基、筏基、桩筏基础有两个缺陷：一是呈现明显的碟形沉降引起上部结构的较大次应力；二是基底马鞍形反力分布导致基础板或承台冲剪力和弯矩显著增大。为使差异沉降和箱、筏承台的内力减至最小并改善上部结构受力性状，提出变刚度调平概念设计。对于框筒、框剪结构，应强化核心筒区的桩土刚度（调整桩长、桩径或桩数），相对弱化外围刚度；对于主裙连体建筑，应强化主体，弱化裙房（采用天然地基、复合地基和疏短桩基）；对于箱、筏基础，可局部强化核心筒区（采用桩基或刚性桩复合地基）。对于上述变刚度调平概念设计，进行上部结构—基础—桩—土共同作用分析，进一步优化布桩和承台配筋。通过大比例现场模型试验对上述优化设计理念进行了验证，并应用于10余项工程，取得了良好的技术经济效果。
关键词：高层建筑；地基基础；概念设计；优化；变刚度调平设计；共同作用

Review and optimization of the conceptual design
of foundations for high-rise buildings

Liu Jinli
（China Academy of Building Research，Beijing 100013，China）

Abstract: Analyses of measured data of high-rise building foundations indicate that there are two shortcomings for those box，raft，pile-raft foundations designed by using the traditional design concept. One is the obvious disk-shape settlement distribution, which may result in significant secondary forces in the superstructure, and the other is the saddle-shape reaction distribution, which may result in increased punch force and moment in foundation slabs. In order to minimize the differential settlement, thus to improve the foundation and structural performance，an optimal conceptual design is proposed, based on foundation rigidity adjustment. For frame-tube and frame-shear wall structures，the core area pile-soil rigidity（by adjusting pile length, diameter or numbers）should be enhanced whereas relatively weaker external area pile-soil rigidity may be adopted. For tower-podium connected buildings，a weaker podium area foundation rigidity（applying nature subsoil, composite foundation or widely spaced short piles）should be employed. For box or raft foundations，one might partially strengthen the core area（piling or ground treatment）. Base on conceptual designs，analysis of the interaction of superstructure-foundation-pile-soil helps to further optimize pile arrangement and reinforcements in the slab. The optimal design concept has been verified through in-situ large scale model tests and has been applied to more than ten projects with good results under both the technical and economical considerations.
Keywords:　high-rise buildings；subgrade and foundation；conceptual design；optimization；adjusted foundation rigidity design for reducing differential settlement；superstructure-foundation-pile-soil interaction
E-mail: linjili8@sina.com

地铁地下结构抗震分析及设计中的几个关键问题

刘晶波　 李　 彬
（清华大学，北京100084）

摘要：针对我国尚缺少完善的地铁地下结构抗震分析方法和专门的地铁结构抗震设计规范的现状，在分析目前我国地铁等地下结构抗震研究及设计方法的基础上，重点阐述了需要迫切解决的五个关键问题：合理的地下结构动力分析模型，高效的地下结构-地基系统动力相互作用问题分析方法，合理而实用的地铁地下结构地震破坏模式和抗震性能评估方法，地铁地下结构抗震构造措施，地铁区间隧道穿越地震断层的设计方案及工程措施。这些问题的研究和解决将为地铁地下结构抗震设计规范或规程的制定奠定坚实的基础。
关键词：地铁；地下结构；土-结构动力相互作用；地震反应；抗震设计

Issues on the seismic analysis and design of subway structures

Liu Jingbo　 Li Bin
（Tsinghua University，Beijin 100084，China）

Abstract: So far, there is still lack of a mature seismic analysis method and design code for underground subway structures in China. On the basis of analyzing the existing seismic research and design methods for subway structures, five key issues need to be seriously considered and urgently resolved in the near future; these are a reasonable dynamic analysis model for underground structure systems, efficient analysis method for dynamic soil-structure interactions, reasonable and practicable assessment method for seismic failure patterns and seismic performance of subway structures, seismic construction measures for subway structures, and finally design schemes and engineering measures for subway tunnels through earthquake faults.
Keywords: subway；underground structures；dynamic soil-structure interaction；seismic response；seismic design
E-mail: liujb@tsinghua.edu.cn

大型工程项目管理的WSR系统模式实证分析

佘立中
（广州大学，广东广州 510006）

摘要：大型建设工程的项目管理是一项复杂的系统工程。针对广州大学城建设项目，运用物理—事理—人理（WSR）系统方法论，系统分析了这一大型建设工程项目的管理过程及内容，建立了项目管理WSR系统模式。通过对该项目的管理体制、监理总协调人制度、独立第三方综合考评制度的实证分析，结果表明，该模式注重人的参与、重视协调工作、强调综合集成，在项目建设过程中发挥了重要作用，保证了广州大学城项目在短时间内高质量完成。
关键词：大型建设工程；项目管理；WSR系统；模式；协调；综合集成

An empirical analysis of WSR system for large-scale engineering projects

She Lizhong
(Guangzhou University，Guangzhou　510006，China)

Abstract: Large-scale engineering projects demand a complicated management system. By applying the systematic methodology of WSR system, the process and content of management for the large-scale construction project of Guangzhou University-Town is studied in detail. On the basis of an empirical analysis of the management system, the system of an independent third-party’s comprehensive assessment and the supervision pattern of a general coordinator, it is concluded that the WSR pattern of project management, which highlights people’s participation, coordination and integration, has played an important role in the project so that the project could be completed within a comparatively short period of time with high quality.
Keywords: large-scale construction project；project management；WSR system；pattern；coordination；integration
E-mail: shelizhong@163.com

基础设施PPP融资模式及其在小城镇的应用研究

万冬君　 王要武　 姚　 兵
（哈尔滨工业大学，黑龙江哈尔滨 150001）

摘要：基础设施对于小城镇发展的重要性是不言而喻的，然而当前我国小城镇基础设施正面临着资金匮乏的窘境，如何拓宽基础设施融资渠道已成为小城镇发展的关键，PPP是解决这个问题的有效途径。PPP是近年来国际上流行的一种基础设施融资模式。本文对PPP融资模式进行了简要的介绍，分析了PPP融资模式的特点，并与其他几类基础设施融资模式进行了比较。在此基础上，对PPP在小城镇基础设施项目的应用前景进行了分析，提出了包括融资环境、各参与方情况、合作过程、合作机制、效果评价五个模块的小城镇基础设施PPP融资模式应用模型，对其风险分担机制进行了探讨，并就模型的实施提出了具体的政策建议，希望能对实际工作有所推动。
关键词：PPP；基础设施；融资；小城镇

A study on infrastructure financing PPP model and its applications to small towns

Wan Dongjun　 Wang Yaowu　 Yaobing
（Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150001, China）

Abstract: It is well known that infrastructure is very important for the developments of small towns. However, small towns in China are currently facing the difficulty in fund shortage to construct and maintain infrastructures. PPP is an efficient means to solve this problem. The PPP model is briefly introduced, analyzed and compared with other financing models. Then, the prospects of applying PPP for small town infrastructures is analyzed, and a PPP model that includes the components of financing environment, participants, collaboration process, collaboration mechanism and effect evaluation is proposed. Moreover, the risk sharing mechanism involved in the model is discussed, and the available policy suggestions are presented for implementation of the model.
Keywords: PPP；Infrastructure；Financing；Small town
E-mail: djwan@hit.edu.cn

建筑业环境问题研究及喀麦隆乍得石油管道工程的案例分析与应用

古　 夫　 齐二石
（天津大学，天津 300072）

摘要：减少建筑对环境的影响一直以来都被业界和社会所关注，已成为促进社会可持续发展的焦点之一。近几年来，环境法已经对此制定了专门的管理规定，即环境管理系统(EMS)。本文旨在检验环境管理系统在建筑业中的设想和应用情况，并结合喀麦隆乍得石油管道项目，从系统的角度对建筑项目的环境管理进行了研究。该项目是在世界银行投资项目中引起争议最大的项目之一，也是非洲最大的私人部门投资项目之一。
关键词：建筑业；环境管理；环境影响；乍得；喀麦隆；石油管道

Environmental concerns in construction industry:
case study of Chad-Cameroon oil and pipeline project

Goufo Yemtsa　 Ershi Qi
(Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072，China)

Abstract: Reducing the environmental effects of construction, thus to promote sustainable development, is a continuing professional and social concern. In recent years, environmental legislation has introduced additional dedicated management requirements in the Environmental Management Systems（EMS）. The aim of this paper is to examine the concept and application of the EMS within the construction industry. We present a systematic approach to environmental management of construction projects by using a detailed example of the Chad-Cameroon oil and petroleum pipeline project, one of the most controversial World-Bank financed projects in recent history, also one of the largest private sector investments in Africa.
Keywords: construction industry；environmental management；environmental impact；Chad；Cameroon；oil and pipeline
E-mail: egoufo@hotmail.com