高层建筑的横风向激励特性和计算模型的研究

顾 明¹ 叶 丰²
（1.同济大学，上海 200092；2.上海迈祥工程技术咨询有限公司，上海 201204）

摘要：将高层建筑的横风向激励分解为横风向紊流和涡激力激励。根据10个典型高层建筑模型的风洞试验结果，分别研究了两种激励的特性和计算模型，给出典型建筑的横风向紊流激励力系数、涡激力系数和相应的形状系数。特别着重研究涡激力功率谱函数和相干函数，总结出的结果可加深对高层建筑横风向荷载特性的认识，所建立的典型高层建筑的横风向荷载计算模型可用于实际工程。
关键词：高层建筑；横风向风荷载；横风向紊流激励；涡激力
中图分类号：TU973+.213 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0001-06

Characteristics and computational model of across-wind load of tall buildings

Gu Ming¹ Ye Feng²
(1.Tongji University, Shanghai 200092,China;
2.Shanghai MagLucky Engineering Consultation Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201204,China)

Abstract: The characteristics of across-wind loading and the mathematical model of tall buildings are theoretically studied, based on wind tunnel tests. Across-wind excitation on tall buildings is divided into across-wind turbulence and vortex-shedding components. Based on the wind tunnel test results of 10 typical tall building models, the excitation characteristics and the mathematical models of these two excitation components are investigated in some details. Using the test results, the aerodynamic force coefficients and shape coefficients of the two components are derived. In particular, power spectrum density and coherence functions of the vortex excitation are analyzed.
Keywords: tall building; across-wind load; across-wind turbulence excitation; vortex-excited force
E-mail: minggu@mail.tongji.edu.cn

体型收进斜撑转换结构研究应用
——珠海信息大厦高位收分转换解析

刘庆林¹ 傅学怡² 曹敏丽³ 刑 莉⁴
（1．浙江大学，浙江 杭州 310027； 2．深圳大学建筑设计研究院，广东 深圳 518060；3．江西省建筑设计研究总院珠海分院，广东 珠海 519020；4．珠海市电信局，广东 珠海 519000）

摘要：结合珠海信息大厦高位收分转换设计，探讨了斜撑转换结构的优越性，提出了斜撑转换结构的设计要点，进一步采用弹性反应谱大震复核斜撑转换结构的极限承载能力。振动台试验验证了设计方法的正确性和有效性，对工程设计具有指导意义。
关键词：斜撑转换；高位收分；弹性反应谱大震
中图分类号：TU973+.31 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0006-06

Research and application of transfer truss in vertical structures of irregular geometry

Liu Qinglin¹ Fu Xueyi² Cao Minli³ Xing Li⁴
(1. Zhangjiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China;
2. The Institute of Architecture Design and Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;3. The Institute of Architecture Design and Research, Jiangxi Province, Zhuhai Branch, Zhuhai 519020, China;4. Zhuhai Telecom Bureau, Zhuhai 519000, China)

Abstract: In conjunction with the transfer design of higher elevation of fset in the Zhuhai Information Building, the advantages of transfer truss are discussed and the design essentials of transfer truss proposed. The elastic response spectrum method under severe earthquakes is employed to verify the ultimate bearing capacity of transfer truss. The shaking table test results prove that the design method is valid and efficient, and can serve as a guide in practice.
Keywords: transfer truss; high elevation offset; elastic response spectrum method under severe earthquake
E-mail: linzxa@vip.163.com

索杆张力结构自应力模态分析及预应力优化

陈联盟 袁行飞 董石麟
（浙江大学，浙江杭州 310027）

摘要：分析了现有各种求解索杆张力结构初始预应力方法的局限性，充分考虑对称性和整体可行性，从平衡矩阵理论出发利用奇异值分解法提出了一种旨在求解各种张力结构体系的整体自应力模态的求解方法，并对具有多个整体自应力模态的索穹顶结构采用修正单纯形法、以外圈环索初内力最小为优化目标进行了预应力优化。研究表明，充分考虑对称性和整体可行性的奇异值分解法能求解各种体系的整体自应力模态，预应力优化能求得满足条件的合理初始预应力分布。
关键词：索杆张力结构；整体自应力模态；奇异值分解；预应力优化
中图分类号：TU323 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0011-05

Selfstress mode analysis and optimal prestress design of cable-strut tension structures

Chen Lianmeng Yuan Xingfei Dong Shilin
(Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China )

Abstract: After reviewing the limitations of existing methods for solving the prestress modes of cable-strut tension structures, a new method, which is capable of determining the overall selfstress modes for different types of cable-strut tension structures, is proposed. The method is to employ singular value decomposition, considering both the symmetry and feasibility of the structure in question. Taking the minimum initial force of outer hoop cables as the objective function, an optimal prestress design of a selected structure with multi-overall selfstress modes is investigated by a revised simplex algorithm. Numerical results show that the prestress modes can be easily determined by using the singular value decomposition method considering both the symmetry and feasibility of the structure. The proposed optimal method appears to be reasonably effective for finding the optimal initial prestress of a tension structure.
Keywords: cable-strut tensile structure; overall selfstress mode; singular value decomposition; optimal prestress design
E-mail: wzchenlm@163.com

基于自适应神经-模糊推理系统和遗传算法的桥梁耐久性评估

杨则英^1,2 黄承逵¹ 曲建波³
（1.大连理工大学海岸与近海工程国家重点实验室，辽宁大连116024；
2.山东大学，山东济南250061；3.山东省交通厅公路局，山东济南250014）

摘要：将模糊推理、神经网络、遗传算法三种技术有机融合在一起，建立了基于自适应神经-模糊推理系统（ANFIS）和遗传算法（GAS）的桥梁耐久性评估专家系统。该系统将专家的模糊推理过程蕴含于神经网络结构中，使神经网络的节点和权值具有明确的物理意义，避免了传统神经网络工作过程的“黑盒”性。同时该系统又具有神经网络的自适应性和学习能力，克服了传统模糊推理系统学习能力差的缺点。而且采用遗传和反向传播相结合的GA-BP混合算法训练网络，充分发挥了遗传算法的全局搜索性和BP的局部微调快速性的优点。并以辽宁省13座桥300根梁的实测数据对其进行训练和测试，系统输出与期望输出吻合较好，证明该专家系统性能稳定、有效，具有实用价值。
关键词：桥梁；耐久性评估；模糊推理；神经网络；遗传算法；专家系统
中图分类号：TU375 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0016-05

Durability evaluation of bridges based on anfis and genetic algorithms

Yang Zeying^1,2 Huang Chengkui¹ Qu Jianbo³
(1. The State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian116024,China;
2.Shandong University,Jinan250061,China;
3.Highway Bureau of Transportation Office, Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China)

Abstract: By merging fuzzy inference, neural networks and genetic algorithms, this paper constructs an expert system to evaluate the durability of bridges based on ANFIS and genetic algorithms. In the proposed system, the inference mechanism is implicit in the connections and weights of the neuro-fuzzy networks, which successfully prevents the neural networks from becoming a “black box” and is easy to comprehend. Furthermore, the proposed expert system has the positive attributes of adaptation and learning. In addition, the GA-BP hybrid method is used to train the neural networks, taking advantage of the genetic algorithm and back propagation (fast initial convergence of genetics and powerful local search of back propagation). The evaluation results of 13 existing bridges in Liaoning province demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed neuro-fuzzy expert system.
Keywords: bridge; durability evaluation; fuzzy inference; neural network; genetic algorithm; expert system
E-mail: yangbridge2003@yahoo.com.cn

快速实用施工模拟分析的实现

聂春戈 孙树立 陈 斌 袁明武 陈 璞
（北京大学,北京100871）

摘要：研究施工模拟分析的基本原理和快速实现方法，并基于能反映结构逐层施工、荷载也逐层施加的施工模拟分析模型，实现快速施工模拟分析。研究表明，现有软硬件技术条件下，施工模拟计算的效率可以满足实际工程分析的要求。
关键词：有限元分析； 结构分析； 施工模拟分析； 快速计算； 建筑结构
中图分类号：TU974 O241.82 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0021-06

Implementations of fast sequential construction analysis

Nie Chunge Sun Shuli Chen Bin Yuan Mingwu Chen Pu
（Peking University，Beijing100871,China）

Abstract: Based on a storey-by-storey approach that reflects the construction sequence of tall buildings, this paper presented a computer analysis of the construction sequence. The study demonstrated that the efficiency of a sequential construction analysis with the present computer and soft-ware technology can satisfy the requirements of practical engineering design.
Keywords: FEA; structural analysis; sequential construction analysis; fast solver; building structures
E-mail: chenpu@pku.edu.cn

钢框架-RC剪力墙高层建筑结构的弹塑性全过程分析

夏逸鸣¹ 王小乾²
(1.南京航空航天大学,江苏南京 210016；2.江苏省交通规划设计院，江苏南京 210005)

摘要：针对结构中的钢框架，采用稳定函数单元位移模型及空间塑性铰的弹塑性模型，建立了钢框架结构节点的弹塑性增量平衡方程；针对结构中的楼板，采用三角形平面应力单元，形成了楼板节点的弹性增量平衡方程；针对结构中的RC剪力墙，采用考虑剪切及轴力影响的等效梁单元模型，利用钢筋混凝土截面M-Φ的三折线关系及假定的两杆端塑性转角增量与弹性转角增量的关系式，得到了统一的RC剪力墙结构节点的弹塑性增量平衡方程，然后，经过集成，获得了整体结构节点的弹塑性增量平衡方程。最后，通过数值算例，验证了文中方法的正确性，并得出如下结论，该类结构最薄弱部位是剪力墙底层的底部及剪力墙与钢连梁相交接的部位。
关键词：高层混合结构；钢框架；RC剪力墙； 弹塑性分析
中图分类号：TU973+.16 TU973+.25 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0027-04

An inelastic analysis of the overall response of high-rise frame-shear wall hybrid structures

Xia Yiming¹ Wang Xiaoqian²
(1.Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China;
2.Jiangsu Provincial Communication Planning & Design Institute, Nanjing 210005,China)

Abstract: A geometric and material nonlinear analysis of a hybrid structure is presented in this paper. For the steel frame, a stability function element together with a spatial plastic hinge model is employed to formulate the elastic-plastic incremental equilibrium equations. The slab of the structure is modeled by three-node plane stress elements and the corresponding equilibrium equations are then established. Moreover, the shear walls are modeled by equivalent beam elements, including the effects of both shear and axial deformations. By doing so, the elastic-plastic incremental equilibrium equations are derived by using the tri-linear M-Φ relationship for the cross section of the equivalent beam element and the relationship between elastic and plastic rotations at both element ends. As a result, the global elastic-plastic increment equilibrium equations for the hybrid structure can thus be formulated. Finally, the reliability of the proposed method is verified, using the results of a numerical example from the literature. It was found that the most critically stressed locations of the structure are near the bottom of the shear wall in the first floor and the connecting ends of the steel beams with the shear wall.
Keywords: high-rise hybrid building; steel frame; RC shear wall; inelastic analysis
E-mail: yimingx@yahoo.com.cn

混凝土翼板开洞钢－混凝土组合梁的试验研究及刚度分析

聂建国¹ 吴 洪¹ 周建军² 樊健生¹
（1．清华大学,北京 100084；2．华北电力设计院，北京 100011）

摘要：对9根混凝土翼板开洞的钢－混凝土组合梁进行了试验研究，试件变化的参数主要为洞口的大小及位置。试验表明，根据不同的荷载工况和洞口位置，翼板开洞组合梁有两种不同的破坏形式。针对不同的洞口特征参数，对多种荷载工况下组合梁的刚度进行了研究，得到了考虑滑移效应的混凝土翼板开洞钢－混凝土组合梁的刚度计算公式，计算结果与实测值吻合良好，该方法可供设计参考。
关键词：钢－混凝土组合梁；混凝土翼板开洞；试验研究；刚度
中图分类号：TU 318+.1 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0031-05

Experimental study and rigidity analysis on composite steel-concrete beams with openings in concrete flange

Nie Jianguo¹ Wu Hong¹ Zhou Jianjun² Fan Jiansheng¹
(1.Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. North China Power Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 100011, China )

Abstract: Nine tests of composite steel-concrete beams with openings in concrete flange were reported in this paper. The main parameters considered were the size and position of the openings. Two modes of failure were observed in the tests, depending on the loading arrangement and the position of the openings. The rigidity of the composite beams were also investigated for different parameters of openings and the loading cases. The equivalent rigidity of composite beams taking account of the opening in concrete flange and slip effects was derived. The predicted deflections agree well with the test results, and the formula can be used in design practice.
Keywords: composite steel-concrete beams; opening in slabs; experimental investigation; rigidity
E-mail: niejg@tsinghua.edu.cn

基于规定可靠指标的混凝土结构氯离子侵蚀耐久寿命预测

马亚丽 张爱林
（北京工业大学,北京 100022）

摘要：目前氯离子侵蚀环境下的混凝土结构耐久寿命的概率研究还很少。分析
了影响混凝土结构氯离子侵蚀寿命的因素的概率分布特征，提出了基于Fick第二定律的氯离子侵蚀耐久寿命的概率计算方法。依据耐久可靠性理论，针对目前确定性参数方法预测结构寿命的不足，提出了基于规定可靠指标的氯离子侵蚀耐久寿命预测方法，该方法通过建立耐久可靠指标和侵蚀时间之间的关系，确定结构耐久可靠性低于规定可靠指标时的时间，并以此作为氯离子侵蚀耐久寿命终结的时间。分析完善了氯离子侵蚀环境下混凝土结构耐久寿命的预测方法。
关键词：氯离子侵蚀；混凝土结构；耐久寿命；概率分析
中图分类号：TU503 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0036-06

Durablity life prediction of concrete structure based on the regulated reliability index under chloride environment

Ma Yali Zhang Ailin
（Beijing University of Technology,Beijing 100022,China）

Abstract: Probability analysis on the durability life of concrete structure under the chloride environment is little known. Using the probability method on the basis of the second Fick’s law, research work was carried out to investigate the distribution factors that may influence the durability life of concrete structures. Due to the deficiency of the decisive method for prediction of durability life, a method——based on the regulated reliability index is proposed. The relationship between the durable reliability index and the corrosion time is established. The present paper takes the time when the durable reliability index falls below a stipulated index as the end of durable life. The proposed predictive method of durability life for concrete structure under the chloride erosion environment is therefore improved.
Keywords: chloride penetration; concrete structure; durable life; probability analysis
E-mail: mayali@emails.bjut.edu.cn

大跨径自锚式悬索桥受力分析

周绪红 武 隽 狄 谨
(长安大学, 陕西西安710064)

摘要：介绍主跨跨径为328m的自锚式悬索桥的结构形式和施工方法，并阐述其分析理论。针对主缆索的几何非线性，采用较为精确的分段悬链线法计算其空缆线形、成桥线形及无应力索长。然后，通过不同矢跨比和吊杆间距的比较以及预拱度的设置对自锚式悬索桥的受力特性进行了研究。根据恒载、移动荷载、制动力、支座沉降、风荷载和温度变化组合的7种工况，建立合理的力学模型对大桥进行仿真分析，采用有限位移法计算施工时的鞍座预偏量，主梁预拱度及营运阶段的应力、挠度和侧移。
关键词：桥梁工程；自锚式悬索桥；参数分析；仿真分析；有限位移理论；分段悬链线；无应力索长
中图分类号：U448.25 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0042-05

Mechanical analysis for long-span self-anchored suspension bridges

Zhou Xuhong Wu Jun Di Jin
(Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China)

Abstract: In this paper, the structural configuration and construction method for a self-anchored suspension bridge with a main span of 328m are described and the analysis theory is also elaborated. The segmental catenary method is adopted, by considering cable’s geometrical non-linearity, to determine the alignment of cable under self-weight and static load, also to find the length of stress-free cable. The structural behavior of self-anchored suspension bridges is studied through the analysis of crucial parameters such as the rise-span ratio, the distance between hangers and girder camber. A mechanics model is constructed to carry out the simulation analysis, considering seven different load cases with various load combinations factors. The load cases are dead load, locomotive load, force due to braking, bearing settlement, wind force and temperature variations.
Keywords:bridge engineering; self-anchored suspension bridge; parameter analysis; simulation analysis; limited displacement theory; segmental catenary; stree-free cable length
E-mail: dijin@chd.edu.cn

大型桥梁结构智能健康监测系统集成技术研究

李 惠¹ 周文松¹ 欧进萍¹ 杨永顺²
（1.哈尔滨工业大学，黑龙江哈尔滨 150090；2.山东省交通厅公路局，山东济南 250002）

摘要：首先分析研究了桥梁健康监测系统的各个子系统的功能、特点、实现方法与硬软件系统，研究了完成桥梁健康监测任务对各个子系统协同工作的要求。提出了以LabWindows/LabVIEW为桥梁健康监测系统的核心软件，由它“指挥”、调用和驱动各个子系统的运行和数据的交互与通讯；以数据管理子系统的数据库作为桥梁健康监测系统的中心数据库，它不仅存储桥梁结构及其监测数据的全部信息，同时所有的数据交互均通过该数据库完成。建议采用Brower/Server系统模式将桥梁结构健康监测的各子系统相互结合，建立基于网络平台的开放式的实时在线智能健康监测系统。最后，为一座实际的三塔斜拉桥集成了一套健康监测系统。
关键词：大跨桥梁； 健康监测； 系统集成； 网络平台； 智能
中图分类号：U445.7 U447 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0046-07

A study on system integration technique of intelligent monitoring systems for soundness of long-span bridges

Li Hui¹ Zhou Wensong¹ Ou Jinping¹ Yang Yongshun²
(1. Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
2. Highway Bureau of Transportation Office, Shandong Provincial, Jinan 250002, China)

Abstract: This paper analyzed all the subsystems in their functions, characteristics, implementations, and their hardware and software. A study was made on the requirement of concerted application of these subsystems for the soundness monitoring of long-span bridges. It was suggested that LabWindows/Lab VIEW is to be used as the main system to control the running of the subsystems and the interchanging of information among them. The database of a data menagement system is used as the central database, which stores not only the information of the bridge structure, but also the monitoring information. It was suggested to use Brower/Server system to connect all the subsystems, and an open, real time and online soundness monitoring system based on the network platform can be formed. Finally, a soundness monitoring system for a three-tower cable-stayed bridge was cited as an example.
Keywords: long-span bridge; soundness monitoring system; system integration; network platform; intelligence
E-mail: lihui@hit.edu.cn

软土地基桩侧负摩阻力研究进展初探

袁灯平¹ 黄宏伟¹ 程泽坤²
（1.同济大学,上海 200092；2.中交第三航务工程勘察设计院，上海200032）

摘要：分析软土地基桩侧表面负摩阻力产生原因，总结软土地基桩侧表面负摩阻力的研究进展状况，搜集一些典型的桩基下拉荷载实测资料以及负摩阻力引起的工程破坏实例,汇总目前国内工程中常用的负摩阻力及下拉荷载的估算方法，并指出软土地基桩侧表面负摩阻力研究中亟待解决的十大关键问题，最后对未来的研究途径提出一点展望。
关键词：软土地基；桩基；负摩阻力；下拉荷载；桩土共同作用
中图分类号：TU473.1 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0053-09

Research progress of negative skin friction on piles in soft soil

Yuan Dengping¹ Huang Hongwei¹ Cheng Zekun²
(1. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China；
2. The 3rd Harbor Engineering Investigation and Design Institute, Shanghai 200032, China)

Abstract: This paper analyzed the cause of negative skin friction on piles in soft soil. Research progress on this topic was briefly summarized. Field data of typical down-drag force on piles were collected, and several authentic cases of engineering failure due to negative friction on piles were cited. Current methods of predicting negative friction and down-drag force on piles were discussed. Ten urgent problems for further study were listed and approaches for their solution were proposed. It is expected this paper provided some lines of approach for future study on similar subjects.
Keywords: soft soil foundation; pile foundation; negative skin friction; downdrag force; pile-soil interaction
E-mail: yuandengping@163.com

OpenGL三维地层切割面的实现技术

周翠英 董立国 刘祚秋 陈有青 陈 恒 吴俊峰
（中山大学,广东广州 510275）

摘要：探讨利用开放图形库OpenGL实现三维地层显示的途径；讨论三维地层层面构造的插值基本原理；提出了地层的任意方向切割方法，即适用于水平截面和斜截面的网格分割法和适用于竖直截面的交线分割法。将此三维地层切割方法应用于广东省大型水利工程——东深供水改造工程中，实现了三维地层的任意切割，验证了该方法的可靠性和实用性。
关键词：OpenGL；三维地层；切割方法；实现技术
中图分类号：TU91 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0061-05

Displaying Technology of 3D-Stratum Cutting Method by OpenGL

Zhou Cuiying Dong Liguo Liu Zuoqiu Chen Yongqing Chen Heng Wu Junfeng
(Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

Abstract: This paper investigated a new approach to realize the 3-dimensional by using the OpenGL, discussed the interpolation principle for 3-dimensional ground strata cutting. Two strata cutting methods were suggested, the grid cutting method to be used for horizontal and sloped sections, and the intersection line cutting method for vertical sections. Finally, practicability of the method was illustrated by its application on the reconstruction project of water supply for Shenzhen from Dongjiang in Guangdong Province.
Keywords: OpenGL; 3-dimensional ground strata; ground strata cutting method; displaying technology
E-mail: eeszcy@zsu.edu.cn

基于HHT方法的场地液化的识别

胡聿贤¹ 张郁山² 梁建文²
（1.中国地震局，北京100081；2.天津大学，天津300072）

摘要：利用HHT方法定义了一种地震加速度记录的瞬时频率时程，该瞬时频
率时程能够在一定程度上将原始加速度记录的频率非平稳特性予以量化。以此为依据，提出了一种根据地震加速度记录对场地液化进行识别的方法。通过分析实测的地震动加速度记录，参照实际的震害调查资料，并与现有其他方法的识别结果进行比较，验证了该方法的识别效果。
关键词：希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）；地震加速度记录；瞬时频率；场地液化
中图分类号：TU435 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0066-08

HHT-based identification of site liquefaction

Hu Yuxian¹ Zhang Yushan² Liang Jianwen²
(1. China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100081, China;
2. Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China)

Abstract: By the method of Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), this article defines an instantaneous frequency time history of seismic acceleration record, which can to some extent quantify the frequency-non-stationary characteristics of original acceleration record. Based on this kind of instantaneous frequency, this article proposes a detection method that can judge from the ground acceleration record whether the underground soil layers were liquefied or not during an earthquake event. By analyzing the measured acceleration recordings during past events, referring to the post-event damage investigation results, and comparing the detection results with those obtained by other methods, this article validates the detecting efficiency of the proposed method.
Keywords: Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT); seismic acceleration record; instantaneous frequency; site liquefaction
E-mail: liang@tju.edu.cn

原状黄土硬化屈服的损伤试验研究

雷胜友¹ 唐文栋²
（1.长安大学，陕西西安710064； 2. 安徽省建筑科学研究设计院，安徽合肥230001 ）

摘要：进行了原状黄土三轴剪切试验过程中的CT扫描，结合CT数据与应力-应变曲线，利用损伤理论方法解释了土硬化屈服破坏过程。提出了损伤应力和应变门槛值的确定方法，并定义了六种损伤变量(横观各向同性有效弹性模量损伤变量、简单有效弹性模量损伤变量、密度损伤变量、体积损伤变量、体积密度损伤变量、面积密度损伤变量)，在此基础上得出了硬化屈服损伤过程中的损伤演化曲线和演化方程。
关键词：黄土；结构强度；CT扫描；损伤变量
中图分类号：TU444 P642 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0073-05

Experimental investigation on hardened yield damage for the original loess

Lei Shengyou¹ Tang Wendong²
（1. Chang’an University，Xi’an 710064, China;
2. Architecture scientific research Institute of Anhui Province, Hefei 230001, China)

Abstract: During the process of undrained triaxial compression tests on the original loess, a sequence of CT scanning the specimens in the triaxial apparatus has been carried out. Combining the CT scanning data with the stress-strain curves, one may describe the mechanism of hardened yield damage of the original loess by means of a damage theory. In the paper, a method of determining the damage threshold stress and strain is given. In addition, six types of damage variables are defined. These are the across isotropy effectual elastic modulus, simple effectual elastic modulus, density, volume, volume-density, and area-density damage variables. Also, evolution curves and equations of hardened yield damage for the loess are obtained.
Keywords: loess; structural strength; CT scanning; damage variables
E-mail: rongrong11085310@sina.com

冻土区桥梁群桩基础地基回冻过程的非线性分析

吴亚平^1,2 苏 强¹ 郭春香¹ 朱元林² 张鲁新² 赵世运²
(1.兰州交通大学，甘肃兰州 730070;
2.中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000)

摘要：考虑大气温度、水文地质条件、混凝土入模温度、冻土初始地温场的影响及相变效应，以传热学为基础，给出了冻土区桥梁群桩基础地温场控制微分方程、边界和初始条件，及其空间分析有限元计算模式。结合青藏铁路冻土区某桥梁工程实例对群桩回冻过程温度场进行了计算，将计算值与实测数据进行了对比，提出了回冻率的概念，并对回冻过程及前景进行了分析。
关键词：多年冻土区；钻孔灌注群桩；地温场；回冻率；非线性有限元分析
中图分类号：TU445 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0078-07

Nonlinear Analysis of ground refreezing process for pile group bridge foundation in permafrost

Wu Yaping^{1, 2} Su Qiang¹ Guo Chunxiang¹ Zhu Yuanlin², Zhang Luxin², Zhao Shiyun²
(1. Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China；
2. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China)

Abstract: Based on the theory of heat conduction, this paper presents governing differential equations, boundary conditions, and initial conditions of ground temperature field, and the nonlinear finite element model for concrete pile group bridge foundation in permafrost. Air temperature, hydrology-geology conditions, concrete casting temperature, inital ground temperature field and phase-change effect were taken into consideration. The temperature field of ground re-freezing process was calculated for a concrete pile group bridge foundation built in the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The calculation was compared with the field measurement, a concept of re-freezing rate was developed and the ground re-freezing process was analyzed. Significant conclusions were drawn.
Keywords: permafrost；cast-in-place pile group；ground temperature field； refreezing rate；nonlinear finite element analysis
E-mail: yapingwu@sohu.com

青藏铁路建设中的冻土工程问题及其应对措施

马 辉¹ 刘建坤² 张 弥² 郭大华³
（1.青藏铁路公司，青海西宁810007；
2.北京交通大学，北京100044； 3.中交公路规划设计院，北京100010）

摘要：介绍青藏铁路格拉段沿线多年冻土的基本特征，评价多年冻土地区的不
良工程现象及其危害性，阐述青藏铁路穿越多年冻土区所遵循的指导思想以及所采取的主要工程措施，提出在新的条件下针对多年冻土地区路基工程进行综合保护措施的观点和对多年冻土地区铁路进行终生监测的建议。
关键词：多年冻土；青藏铁路； 热管；通风路基
中图分类号：TU445 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0085-09

Frozen soil problems in Qinghai-Tibet railway construction and engineering measures

Ma Hui¹ Liu Jiankun² Zhang Mi² Guo Dahua³
(1.Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, Xining 210007, China;
2.Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
3.China Highway Planning and Design Institute, Beijing 100010, China)

Abstract: The characteristics of permafrost distribution along the Qinghai-Tibet railway and the major damages caused in permafrost region were summarized, An evaluation is given on the construction principle on permafrost and engineering measures. Moreover, several ground improvement methods were suggested, and a lifetime monitoring policy for railway on permafrost was also recommended.
Keywords: permafrost; Qinghai-Tibet railway; thermo-syphon; ventilated roadbed
E-mail: jiankun@public3.bta.net.cn

气候变暖条件下青藏铁路新型路基结构温度场特征非线性分析

张明义 赖远明 刘志强 高志华
（中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730000）

摘要：由于铁路道碴层和碎块石铺层可以看成是多孔介质，根据多孔介质流体动力学理论，针对青藏铁路的气温和地质条件对路堤高度均为5.0m的传统道碴路基和两种新型路基结构(水平抛石路基和U形抛石路基)的温度场在全球气温变化的背景下进行了分析和比较。结果表明: 在年平均气温为-4.0℃，未来50年气温上升2.6℃的情况下，传统道碴路基将会引起其下伏多年冻土的严重退化；水平抛石路基能够抵消气候变暖和铁路修建所带来的负面影响,但其下部冻土温度仍处于较高状态；而U形抛石路基则可以有效降低其下部土体的温度,确保路基的稳定。因此，在全球变暖的大趋势下，推荐该种U形抛石路基作为青藏铁路高温冻土区的路基结构，以便采用优化路基结构最大限度地利用“天然冷源”来确保冻土区的铁路安全。
关键词：气候变暖；传统道碴路基；新型路基；温度场特征
中图分类号：TU445 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0093-06

Temperature characteristic nonlinear analysis for new-type embankment structures for Qinghai-Tibetan railway under climatic warming

Zhang Mingyi Lai Yuanming Liu Zhiqiang Gao Zhihua
(State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China)

Abstract: The ballast layer and crushed-rock layer in railway embankment can be regarded as highly porous media. In this paper, using the dynamic theories for incompressible fluid in porous media and considering the temperature and geological conditions of Qinghai-Tibetan railway, a comparative study has been made on the temperature fields of a traditional ballast embankment structure and two kinds of new-type embankment structures (horizontal crushed-rock embankment and U-shaped crushed-rock embankment) of the same embankment heights (5.0m). The results indicate that in the areas where the mean annual air temperature is -4.0℃ and under the assumption that the air temperature will warm up 2.6℃ in 50 years, the traditional ballast embankment will cause greater degradation of the underlying permafrost whereas the horizontal crushed-rock embankment can almost counteract the influences of climatic warming and railway construction. However, the ground temperature beneath it is still higher. On the other hand, the U-shaped crushed-rock embankment can decrease effectively the ground temperature under it, thus ensure the stability of the embankment. Therefore, following the trend of global warming, it is highly recommended that the U-shaped crushed-rock embankment, which can protect the railway most effectively in permafrost regions, should be adopted for the Qinghai-Tibetan railway embankment structure in warmer permafrost regions.
Keywords: climatic warming; traditional ballast embankment; new-type embankment; temperature characteristics

一种新型复合材料防护结构的抗静载试验分析

廖祖伟¹ 田志敏²
(1.西南交通大学，四川成都 610031;2.参保建筑设计院，北京 100850)

摘要：为满足高原寒区特种地下工程建设的需要，研制和开发了轻质高强保温型钢板-泡沫材料复合构件，试验研究了复合构件的抗静载性能，取得了它的受力变形与破坏形态等试验结果，同时分析了这种构件的复合方法及拉筋构造方式对其承载性能的影响，为构件的实际应用奠定力学基础。
关键词：钢板-泡沫材料复合构件；拉筋；硬质聚氨酯泡沫；复合方法；抗静载性能；破坏形态
中图分类号:TU502+.6 文献标识码:A
文章编号：1000-131X(2005)11-0098-04

Static loading tests on composite member of steel plate and foam material

Liao Zuwei¹ Tian Zhimin²
(1.Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031,China；
2.Canbao Institute of Architectural Design, Beijing 100850，China)

Abstract: In order to meet the needs of engineering construction in cold plateau areas such as Tibet, steel plate-foam material composite member, which is light-weight, high-strongth and well insulated is developed. Tests on members of this material under static load were run, information concerning the failure modes and deformation of the members were obtained. The effects of the means to merge these two materials and the manner of steel bar construction on the load carrying capacity of the members were studied. Thus a foundation for the practical use of this material is established.
Keywords: steel plate-foam material composite member; steel bar; hard polyurethane foam; method of formation of composite materials; static loading tests; failure mode
E-mail: liaozuwei@yahoo.com

环境污染限制及最优信号控制条件下的综合离散网络设计问题

赵 彤¹ 高自友²
(1.中国科学院研究生院，北京100049; 2.北京交通大学，北京100044)

摘要：现代城市综合交通网络设计问题研究的主要内容就是通过新建或改善道路网络，用以减少现代交通带来的环境污染、合理设置交通信号等诸方面的问题。将道路环境能力限制、最优交通信号设置问题与城市交通离散网络设计问题结合起来研究，一方面通过修建新的路段使交通需求量达到最大从而满足城市中不断增长的交通需求；另一方面通过道路环境能力限制使交通网络的最大需求量能符合现代城市环境保护的要求。给出了描述上述问题的一个双层规划模型及其启发式求解算法。最后，通过一个简单的算例，说明该算法是可行并且有效的。
关键词：综合离散网络设计；模型与算法；用户平衡；信号控制
中图分类号：U491.1 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0102-05

The combined problem of the comprehensive discrete network design under environment restraints and optimal signal controls

Zhao Tong1 Gao Ziyou2
(1.Graduate university of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049,China;
2.Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044,China)

Abstract: This paper studied the road environment restriction, optimal signal installation, and discrete network design in unison, and suggested approaches of adding new roads to maximize the traffic capacity of the network to satisfy the increasing urban traffic demand, while still keeping that traffic demands, within the environment constraint. A bi-level programming model with the heuristic solution algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. An application of the model and its algorithm is demonstrated by a numeric example.
Keywords: lifeline engineering; earthquake; structure; reliability; network; optimum
E-mail: zhaotong@gucas.ac.cn

不同规模城市的建设投资优化配置研究

张德群 关为泓 吕康娟 关 柯
（哈尔滨工业大学，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001）

摘要：分析我国不同规模城市间的建设投资差距和经济差距，发现小城市的投资产出效益高于其他规模的城市。通过城市建设投资效益模型及其分析，用投资优化配置模型，测算到2020年，特大城市的建设投资比重减小，其他规模的城市将增加，其中小城市增加最多，而城市化人口增量将与城市规模大小呈反向变化，使我国在2020年步入初步城市社会时，城乡之间的差距逐渐缩小，达到大中小城市协调发展。从城市纵向发展的角度，为城市建设投资提供了有益的指导。
关键词：大中小城市；建设投资；优化配置；协调发展
中图分类号：F293.1 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0107-06

A research on optimized allocation of construction investment on cities of different-sizes

Zhang Dequn Guan Weihong Lv Kangjuan Guan Ke
（Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001，China）

Abstract: After analyzing the investments in construction and economic differences among cities of different sizes in China, the study in this paper shows that the investment output utility in small cities is higher than that of big cities. By using an optimized investment allocation model, it was projected, until the year 2020, that the ratio of construction investment in outsize-cities will decline, while other cities will increase, especially for small cities. However, the population growth is in a reverse trend to city sizes. Therefore, the differences among cities and countryside will be lessened, thus to reach a coordinated development condition among different-sized cities by 2020. In an alternative viewpoint of city development, this trend appears to serve a useful guidance for the investment of future city construction.
Keywords: large, middle-sized and small cities; construction investment; optimized allocation; coordinated development
E-mail: zhangdq@hope.hit.edu.cn

工程项目供应链合作绩效系统的定性模拟研究

程 妤 尤建新
（同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：将模拟技术、人工智能相结合的定性模拟，对于处理定性知识十分有效。基于模型分解方法和定性数学，根据工程项目供应链合作中已验证的相关结论，构建了合作绩效的定性模拟系统。通过模拟，对工程项目中冲突的解决时机问题进行了研究，论证了当不能在冲突产生的第一时刻将之解决时，应当在彻底影响到合作对方对自身信任之前解决，这一关键时刻的把握是冲突解决时机的关键。
关键词：定性模拟；供应链；合作绩效
中图分类号：C935 TP391.9 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0113-04

Qualitative simulation of engineering project collaboration performance in supply chain

Cheng Yu You Jianxin
(Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract: Qualitative simulation, which has developed from simulation technology and artificial intelligence, is proven to be useful for qualitative knowledge management. Based on qualitative mathematics and the model-decomposition method, a qualitative simulation system of engineering project collaboration performance in the supply chain is set up according to the tested correlations in engineering project collaboration. Then the opportunity of conflict resolving is simulated and the result is analyzed such that any conflict should be resolved before the declining of partner’s trust, if the conflict can not be resolved immediately after it occurs.
Keywords: qualitative simulation; supply chain; collaboration performance
E-mail: chengyu915@126.com

钢桥面沥青混合料铺装体系疲劳特性的损伤力学分析

刘振清¹ 黄 卫² 刘清泉¹ 曹东伟¹
（1.交通部公路科学研究院，北京100088；2.东南大学, 江苏南京210096）

摘要：用损伤力学原理及方法，从力学近似法角度分析了单纯的沥青混合料铺装层矩形截面梁疲劳损伤特性，推导出梁的应变场和疲劳寿命预测公式。按抗弯刚度等效简化原则，将疲劳试验复合梁模型中的实际桥面用钢板简化为沥青混合料铺装层叠加到下面的沥青混合料铺装层上，共同组成准单纯的沥青混合料铺装层矩形截面梁，应用该原理及方法推导出梁底缘的应变场，以南京长江第二大桥钢桥面环氧沥青混凝土铺装体系复合梁疲劳试验为例，进一步推导出复合梁的疲劳寿命预测公式。通过实例分析，表明损伤力学原理及方法可用于分析钢桥面沥青混合料铺装体系疲劳特性，其疲劳寿命预测结果是较为精确的，它的实际应用还需给出相应的修正，此外指出了环氧沥青混凝土铺装具有很好的抗疲劳性能。
关键词：钢桥面板；沥青混合料铺装；损伤力学；矩形截面梁；应变；疲劳
中图分类号：U443.33 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0117-06

Damage mechanics on the fatigue characteristics of asphalt mixture surfacing for steel bridge decks

Liu Zhenqing¹ Huang Wei² Liu Qingquan¹ Cao Dongwei¹
（1.Research Institute of Highway，Ministry of Communications，Beijing 100088, China；
2.Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China）

Abstract: The fatigue damage characteristics of beams with rectangular cross sections for simple asphalt mixture surfacing is analyzed by using the method of damage mechanics. From the method, the strain field in the beam and a formula for predicting the fatigue life of the beam are presented. According to the principle of bending-resistance stiffness equivalence, the steel bridge deck of the composite beam model for fatigue tests is simplified into an asphalt mixture surface overlay on the original asphalt mixture surfacing, and the strain in the beam for the quasi-simple asphalt mixture surfacing is derived. As an example, using the composite beam fatigue test on the steel bridge deck epoxy asphalt concrete surfacing of Nanjing Second Yangtze River Bridge, a predictive formula for the fatigue life of the beam is proposed. The results indicate that the damage mechanics principle and the associated method are useful for the analysis of the fatigue damage of steel bridge deck asphalt mixture surfacing, and the prediction of fatigue life is quite reliable. Furthermore, it is suggested that epoxy asphalt surfacing appears to provide good fatigue-resistance.
Keywords: steel deck；asphalt mixture surfacing；damage mechanics；rectangular section beam；strain；fatigue
E-mail: zq.liu@rioh.cn

山区土石料压实标准及其应用

刘丽萍 折学森
（长安大学特殊地区公路工程教育部重点实验室，陕西西安 710054）

摘要：山区土石料颗粒组成和含水状态极不均匀，在填方压实施工中往往难以压实且压实不均匀，沿用常规的压实质量控制标准，难以达到预期的控制效果。空隙率控制法和不同粗集料含量下以压实度作为工地压实质量控制的改进方法从不同角度提出了压实质量控制标准，工程实例表明，两种方法能在一定程度上取得较好的控制效果。与前两种方法相比，贯入法评定压实质量具有快速简便的优点，将其推广为标准的压实检测方法，还需进一步研究并结合实体工程进行验证。
关键词：山区土石料；压实控制方法；空隙率；粗集料含量；贯入法
中图分类号：U416.1 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0122-04

Compaction standard and application of earth-rock mixtures in mountain area

Liu Liping She Xuesen
（Key Laboratory of Highway Engineering in Special Region, Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054,China）

Abstract: The grain-size composition and water content of earth-rock mixture are very inconsistent, and it is difficult to compact or to compact evenly an earth-rock fill. The anticipated compaction can not be attained with the usual compaction control standard. A compaction quality control standard was suggested using void percentage control or an improved field compactness control for different coarse material content. An authentic engineering application demonstrated that either method can give a good compaction control effect. Compared with the above methods, penetration method is simple and convenient, but it need further researching and testing combined with engineering, before becoming compaction control standard.
Keywords: earth-rock mixture; compaction control method; void-percentage; coarse material conten; penetration method
E-mail: liuliping898@sina.com

碾压混凝土拱坝温度场计算的浮动网格法

张晓飞 李守义 陈尧隆
(西安理工大学，陕西西安710048)

摘要：根据碾压混凝土拱坝的施工特点，提出了模拟施工过程计算坝体温度场的三维有限元浮动网格法；根据碾压混凝土的热力学特性，对浮动网格法的可行性和误差进行分析论证；对采用浮动网格法和不采用浮动网格法计算结果进行了对比分析；根据某碾压混凝土拱坝的温度观测资料，对计算成果进行了检验。结果表明：采用三维有限元浮动网格法，既能保证计算精度，又大大提高了计算效率，为碾压混凝土拱坝模拟施工过程进行温度场计算分析提供了有效途径。
关键词：碾压混凝土拱坝；浮动网格法；温度场计算
中图分类号：TV431 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)02-0126-04

Computation on the temperature field of RCC arch dam by means of three-dimensional finite element relocating mesh method

Zhang Xiaofei Li Shouyi Chen Yaolong
(Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048,China)

Abstract: Based on the construction characteristics of rolled compacted concrete arch dam, three-dimensional finite element relocating mesh method was provided to simulate the construction process and computing temperature field of RCC arch dam. According to the thermodynamic properties of RCC，the feasibility and error of the remeshing method is analyzed and demonstrated. The computation results by means of the relocating mesh method and fixed mesh method are compared and analyzed. From the monitoring of temperature data of certain RCC arch dams, the computation results in this paper are verified. The results show that the computed temperature field of RCC arch dam by means of three-dimensional finite element relocating mesh method can not only preserve the numerical accuracy，but also increase the computational efficiency. This indeed provides an effective approach to simulating the actual construction process and computing temperature field of RCC arch dams.
Keywords: RCC arch dam；relocating mesh method；temperature field computation
E-mail: LSY123@xaut.edu.cn