生命线工程的研究进展与发展趋势

李 杰
(同济大学，上海 200092)

摘要：概述了生命线工程研究中的若干进展。内容包括：随机地震动场的波动数值模拟、工程结构非线性地震反应的概率密度演化分析方法、大型生命线工程网络系统的抗震可靠性分析与优化等。在论述研究进展的同时，对若干相关的国内外研究发展状况作了简要的评述。对生命线工程研究的未来发展趋势做出了预测和展望。
关键词：生命线工程；地震；结构；可靠性；网络；优化
中图分类号：TU311 O32 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0001-07

The progress in lifeline engineering researches

Li Jie
(Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract: In this paper, an overview is given on several key issues and related research progress made in lifeline engineering. The research topics include: numerical modeling of random seismic waves, probabilistic density evolution analysis for nonlinear structural responses, seismic reliability analysis of large-scale lifeline network. In addition, a comparison is made between the domestic and international studies on the aforementioned topics. Several examples are included in the paper as the case studies. Finally, recommendations are given for future development of the lifeline engineering research.
Keywords: lifeline engineering; earthquake; structure; reliability; networks; optimum
E-mail: Lijie@mail.tongji.edu.cn

持续荷载作用下钢筋锈蚀对混凝土梁工作性能的影响

易伟建 赵 新
(湖南大学，湖南长沙 410082)

摘要：利用新设计的一套试验装置，对钢筋混凝土梁进行在钢筋加速锈蚀条件下的准长期静力荷载试验。通过对纵向受力钢筋通稳压直流电，采用氯化钠溶液作为电解液等实验方法，实现了被混凝土所包裹的主筋的快速均匀锈蚀。在长期恒定荷载条件下，观测了试验梁的固有频率、挠度、混凝土应变随时间的变化。通过对比，建立了恒载作用下，钢筋锈蚀量与试验梁固有频率、挠度、混凝土受压区应变变化的对应关系。并利用根据纵向裂缝宽度分布修正之后的截面抗弯刚度，采用差分法计算钢筋锈蚀后梁的挠度，试验值与实测值吻合良好。分析结果表明，梁的固有频率对锈蚀的发展敏感，在实际工程中可以通过动测方法诊断钢筋 锈蚀导致的结构损伤。
关键词：钢筋锈蚀; 钢筋混凝土梁; 长期荷载; 固有频率; 挠度
中图分类号：TU375.1 TG174.3 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0007-06

The effect of bar corrosion on the performance of reinforced concrete beams under long-term load

Yi Weijian Zhao Xin
(Hunan University, Changsha 410082,China)

Abstract:A series of special apparatus was designed for accelerating the corrosion of steel bars in a reinforced concrete beam under long-term quasi-static loading. The corrosion of longitudinal main-bar in the concrete was accelerated by an electrochemical cell in which the steel bar serves as an electrode, and the test beam was submerged in saltwater (3% NaCl, electrolyte). The changes in natural frequency, deflection, concrete strain of the beams subjected to long-term loads were measured. A number of different beams were tested to find the relationships among these three factors. After analyzing the change in natural frequency of the beam and mass loss of steel bars, one may be able to assess the corrosion level of the beam. From the distribution pattern of the longitudinal corrosion cracks, the bending stiffness of the beam has to be reduced, subsequently the deflections of the beam were calculated from the finite difference equations. The analytical prediction correlates quite well with the test results. Based on the analysis, it was found that the fundamental frequency of the concrete beam is sensitive to the corrosion of the steel bars. In practice, one may employ the vibration test to evaluate the extent of corrosion damage of the steel bars in concrete beams.
Keywords: steel corrosion; reinforced concrete beam; long-term loading; natural frequency; deflection
E-mail:hunuyi@public.cs.hn.cn

钢筋混凝土梁加固时的既有荷载对其抗弯性能的影响

李贵炳 张爱晖 金伟良
（浙江大学，浙江杭州 310027）

摘要：模拟实际构件的加固及受力过程，对梁在承受不同荷载作用时外贴CFRP加固进行了抗弯试验和理论分析。试件包括16根外贴CFRP加固梁和2根对比梁。试验参数为：纵筋配筋率、CFRP加固量、粘贴纤维布时持载大小。论文对持载的大小对梁的抗弯性能的影响进行了详细的分析。试验和分析结果表明：采用CFRP加固的钢筋混凝土梁的刚度较普通钢筋混凝土梁的刚度都有明显提高，纤维布对以抗弯为主的构件具有增强刚度、控制挠度的作用。纤维加固时梁所持荷载的大小，对梁的刚度有较大影响，特别是对屈服阶段的刚度影响较大；但对梁的屈服荷载及极限承载力影响较小，可以忽略其影响。论文的试验现象及分析结果都有新颖之处，对相应规范的编制及工程应用有较高的参考价值。
关键词：承载力；刚度；持载；CFRP；配筋率
中图分类号：TU375.1 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X（2006）01-0013-08

Effect of sustaining load level on flexural behavior of

RC beams retrofitted with CFRP sheets
Li Guibing Zhang Aihui Jin Weiliang
(Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China)

Abstract: The research reported in this paper is to investigate the effects of externally bonded CFRP sheets on flexural performance of beams subjected to different levels of sustaining load. To this end, a series of 16-RC beams retrofitted with CFRP sheets and 2 control beams were tested, and the theoretical analysis was conducted to explain the experimental phenomena and test results. The experimental parameters include rebar ratio, number of plies of CFRP laminates and sustaining load level at the time of retrofitting. This paper presents a detailed analysis on the sustaining load levels that may have significant influence on the flexural behavior of the strengthened RC beams. Both the experimental and analytical results indicated that the stiffness of all the strengthened beams had been increased evidently as compared to that of the control beams. This phenomenon implies that FRP played an important role to increase the stiffness, thus reduce the deflections of the strengthened beams. The sustaining loads have an obvious effect on the stiffness of the strengthened beams, especially on the average tangent stiffness at post-cracking stage. The experimental and analytical results in this paper are novel, and the findings may be considered for possible adoption into the design codes, also for practical engineering applications.
Keywords:flexural strength; stiffness; sustaining load; CFRP; rebar ratio
E-mail: liguibing@zju.edu.cn

非萘系减水剂和复合超细粉对高性能混凝土渗透性的影响

高培伟 吴胜兴 卢小琳 林萍华 吴中如
（河海大学，江苏南京 210098）

摘要：使用非萘系高效减水剂和复合超细粉体配制的高性能混凝土具有较好的流动性、抗
压强度和抗渗性。混凝土的扩展度达22cm以上，在2小时内坍落度损失少于3cm，可以满足远距离运输，混凝土28d的抗压强度达60MPa以上。测定的Cl-扩散系数及通过的电量说明了使用非萘系减水剂和复合超细粉体配制的混凝土具有较好的耐久性能。
关键词：非萘系高效减水剂；低坍落度损失；Cl-扩散系数；复合超细粉体
中图分类号：TU528 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0021-04

The chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete with un-naphthalene water reducing agent and composite superfine powder

Gao Peiwei Wu Shengxing Lu Xiaolin Lin Pinghua Wu Zhongru
(Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

Abstract: A new type of un-naphthalene water reducing agent and composite superfine powder for high performance concrete has been developed and utilized. There are several advantages for concrete made by un-naphthalene water reducing agent, for example, its compressive strength at 28d is more than 60 MPa, and the slump loss is less than 3cm in 2h. The diffusion coefficient of chloride was also tested, as a consequence, the adaptability of the water reducing agent is very important, and the durability of concrete can be improved by using mineral powder together with un-naphthalene water reducing agent.
Keywords: un-naphthalene water reducing agent; slump loss less；diffusion coefficient of chloride；composite superfine powder
E-mail: gpw1963@163.com

杆系结构的高精度非线性分析

刘 磊¹ 张光卿² 袁长卿³
（1.北京交通大学，北京100044； 2.中信国际合作公司，北京100004； 3.河北铁建
勘测设计院，河北石家庄050051）

摘要：在严格的材料、几何非线性分析的基础上，建立一套完整的对钢筋混凝土杆系结构进行高精度分析的非线性有限元法。该方法充分考虑材料非线性的作用，分别建立了面内分层法和面外分块法的计算模型。算例分析表明：与几何非线性相比，材料非线性对钢筋混凝土杆系结构的非线性分析起着更为关键的作用。只考虑几何非线性或对材料非线性做粗略处理会导致计算结果精度不够。
关键词：高精度；非线性分析；有限元法
中图分类号：TU3201 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0025-05

The high precision non-linear analysis for frame structures

Liu Lei¹ Zhang Guangqing² Yuan Changqing³
(1.Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; 2.CITIC International Cooperation, Beijing 100004, China; 3.Survey & Design Institute of Hebei Railway Construction, Shijiazhuang 050051, China）

Abstract: Based on both the material and geometric non-linearities, a nonlinear finite element method for complete and more precise analysis of frame structures is developed. In the method, the influence of material non-linearity is considered. In addition, two analysis models are proposed, namely, one is a layered model for in-plane analysis, the other is an element model for out-plane analysis. Numerical examples show that in the non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete structures, material non-linearity plays a more important role than geometric non-linearity. The analysis will no longer be sufficiently reliable if one is to consider geometric non-linearity only or to handle material non-linearity in a crude form.
Keywords: material and geometric nonlinearities；non-linear analysis；finite element method
E-mail: qiqi0299@126.com

底框结构倾覆弯矩分配计算新方法

陈岱林 金新阳 张志宏 邵 弘 李云贵
（中国建筑科学研究院，北京 100013）

摘要：依据抗震规范视上部砌体为刚体的假定，采用梁弯曲理论，提出了底框结构倾覆弯矩分配的新方法。该方法在保证整体结构楼板竖向变形协调的前提下，计算墙、柱构件由倾覆弯矩产生的节点力，克服了现有方法直接计算构件节点力而不考虑各轴线框架楼板变形协调的缺陷。
关键词：多层砌体建筑；底框结构；倾覆弯矩分配；抗震设计
中图分类号：TU398+.5 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X（2006）01-0029-04

Research on overturning moment distribution for multi-story masonry buildingswith frame-shear wall structure in the first or first and second floor

Chen Dai lin Jin Xin yang Zhang Zhi hong Shao Hong Li Yun gui
(China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China)

Abstract: Before analyzing the bottom-level of a multi-story masonry building with frame-shear walls structures.e in the first or first and second floors, the overturning moment produced by the upper masonry seismic action or wind load should be transformed into joint loads acting on the top joints of vertical elements. In this paper, according to the hypothesis proposed by the Chinese Code for Seismic Design of Buildings, the upper masonry is considered as a rigid body. Utilizing the beam bending theory, a new method for overturning moment distribution is presented. The present analysis is compared with the existing method, which calculates joint loads directly without considering displacement compatibility. The proposed method insures that the floor displacements in the vertical direction are in complete agreement with the hypothesis.
Keywords: multi-story masonry building; frame-shear wall structure; overturning moment distribution; seismic design
E-mail: zhangzhihong@cabrtech.com

某工业建筑采用黏弹性消能支撑的减震设计研究

常业军 苏 毅 程文瀼
（东南大学，江苏南京 210096）

摘要：介绍了8度区某工业建筑采用黏弹性消能支撑的减震设计方案，阐述了黏弹性阻尼器及消能支撑的减震设计步骤，给出了地震反应计算方法和主要计算结果。计算表明，结构安装黏弹性消能支撑后，可按7度抗震设防要求设计，结构阻尼比增加10%左右，层间位移和加速度较原结构减小明显，在多遇、罕遇水平地震作用下，能分别满足承载力和变形的要求。
关键词：黏弹性阻尼器；消能支撑；地震反应
中图分类号：TU352.1 文献标识码：A
文章编码：1000-131X（2006）01-0033-05

Study on seismic design of an industrial building using energy-dissipated braces composed of viscoelastic dampers

Chang Yejun Su Yi Cheng Wenrang
(Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China)

Abstract: The design scheme of an industrial building using energy-dissipated braces composed of viscoelastic dampers for seismic intensity zone 8 is briefly outlined. The seismic design procedures of viscoelastic dampers and energy-dissipated braces are illustrated. The analysis method for earthquake responses together with the analysis results is presented. The calculated results indicate that the structure can be designed for seismic intensity 7 provided that viscoelastic dampers are utilized. It was found that the viscoelastic damper can increase the damping ratio of the base structure from 5% to 15% or so, this results in a significant reduction of the inter-story displacements and accelerations. Moreover, the bearing capacity and deformation of the structure can satisfy the requirements of the seismic code under the horizontal motions of frequently or occasionally occurred earthquakes.
Keywords: Keywords: viscoelastic damper; energy-dissipated brace; earthquake response
E-mail: yejun-chang@sina.com

方钢管混凝土框架梁柱节点在低周往复荷载作用下的抗震性能研究

周学军 曲 慧
（山东建筑工程学院，山东济南250101）

摘要：采用ANSYS有限元软件对方钢管混凝土框架梁柱常用的两种节点形式即栓焊混合连接和全焊接连接进行了三维实体建模，在此基础上利用非线性有限元方法研究了两种节点在低周往复荷载作用下的滞回性能，并对两种节点形式的抗震性能进行了比较，结果表明全焊接连接节点的抗震性能优于栓焊混合连接节点的抗震性能。
关键词：栓焊连接；全焊接连接；方钢管混凝土；梁柱节点；低周往复荷载；抗震性能
中图分类号：TU391 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0038-06

Seismic resistance of bolt-weld joint and all-weld joint of concrete filled square steel tube and steel beam under cyclic load

Zhou Xuejun Qu Hui
(Shandong University of Architecture and Engineering, Jinan 250101, China)

Abstract: This paper studied the seismic resistance of bolt-weld joint and all-weld joint between concrete filled square tube and steel beam in a frame under cyclic load, using three-dimensional modeling of solid structures. It is established that the seismic resistance of an all-weld joint is higher than a bolt-weld joint.
Keywords: bolt-weld joint; all-weld joint; concrete filled square tube; beam-column joint; cyclic load; seismic resistance
E-mail: xuejunzhou@sdai.edu.cn

管拱面内两点非对称加载试验研究

陈宝春¹ 韦建刚¹ 林 英²
（1.福州大学，福建福州 350002； 2.同济大学，上海 200092）

摘要：对钢管混凝土拱和钢管-钢管混凝土复合拱进行面内两点非对称加载试验。建立了双重非线性有限元计算模型，对模型拱的挠度、钢管应变、材料非线性与几何非线性影响、管内混凝土对极限承载力的影响进行了分析。分析结果表明，管内混凝土提高拱的极限承载力的能力与拱的加载工况有关，当拱以受弯为主时，这种提高作用较小，当拱以受压为主时，这种提高作用较大；在受力全过程中，材料非线性的影响是主要的，几何非线性的影响是次要的，但由于存在耦合作用，分析时应考虑双重非线性的影响；对于复合拱，拱肋在变刚度靠空钢管一侧的受力情况较为复杂与不利。
关键词：钢管；混凝土；复合拱；面内；试验；极限承载力
中图分类号：U448.22 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0043-07

Experimental study on tubular arches under unsymmetrical two concentrically in-plane loads

Chen Baochun¹ Wei Jiangang¹ Lin Ying²
（1. Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002,China; 2. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092,China）

Abstract:Experiments on CFST arch and hybrid arch of steel tube and CFST under unsymmetrical two concentrically in-plane loads were carried out. The deflections, strains of steel tube, effect of material non-linearity, geometrical non-linearity and the effect of filled concrete to the ultimate load-carrying capacity of tubular arch were analyzed. The analytical results showed that the promotion effect of the filled concrete on the ultimate load-carrying capacity of tubular arch is closely related to the loading cases. When the loads produce bending moments as the dominant forces in the arch, the promotion effect is rather small; however, when the loads produce axial compressive forces as the dominant ones, the promotion effect becomes large. In the whole process of the tubular arches, the effect of material non-linearity is more important than that of geometrical non-linearity. If both nonlinearities are present, they should be considered all together, since the effects are compounded. For a hybrid arch, the behavior of the hollow steel tubular rib near the end of the CFST arch rib is quite complex.
Keywords:steel-tube; concrete; hybrid arch; in-plane; experiments; ultimate load-carrying capacity
E-mail: Baochunchen@fzu.edu.cn

考虑地形影响和多点激励的大跨高墩桥地震响应分析

王 蕾^1，2 赵成刚¹ 王智峰³
（1.北京交通大学,北京100044； 2.河北农业大学，河北保定071001；
3.路桥集团桥梁技术有限公司，北京100102）

摘要：提出一种综合考虑行波和地形影响的大跨结构在多点输入下的地震响应分析方法。首先计算P波在多种角度入射下两座山峰以及其间自由场地的时程响应，并以此作为两座山峰之间大跨桥梁的桥台及桥墩基础多支承点处的地震输入,这种地震输入综合了行波和地形的影响。然后基于多点激励下地震响应分析方法，编制有限元分析程序，在此基础上分析了考虑行波和地形综合影响下一座360m4跨高墩连续刚构桥的多点激励地震响应。从分析结果看，考虑地形效应和不考虑地形效应的差别较大，不考虑地形效应可能会较小的估计结构的内力响应。因此，大跨度结构地震响应分析应考虑地形的影响。本文分析结果可供抗震设计参考。
关键词：地形效应；多点激励；大跨高墩桥；行波效应
中图分类号：U442.5+5 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X（2006）01-0050-05

Seismic responses analysis of continuous rigid-framed bridge with hige piers considering topographic effects and multi-support excitations

Wang Lei^1,2 Zhao Chenggang¹ Wang Zhifeng³
（1.Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; 2.Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding 071001, China;3.CRBC Bridge Technology Co., Ltd.,Beijing 100102, China )

Abstract:A method of seismic response analysis for long-span bridges considering the synthetic effects of wave-traveling, topography and multi-support excitations is established. The responses along the surfaces of two mountains are calculated and they were caused by P-waves with four incidence degrees. The results so obtained are to be used as the input data for the vibration analysis of a long-span bridge seating on multi-supports. Based on the proposed analysis method, a finite element program was prepared for the seismic analysis of a long-span continuous bridge of 360m with four high piers. It was found that the results by considering the topographic effects are very much different from those without such effects. Therefore, merely considering wave-traveling effects may lead to non-conservative results. If a more accurate prediction is desired, the topographic effects must be considered. The results and conclusions in the paper can serve as a seismic design reference for earthquake engineering practice.
Keywords:topographic effects, multi-support excitations, long-span bridge, traveling-wave
E-mail: cgzhao@center.njtu.edu.cn

非规则梁桥伸缩缝处的碰撞对地震反应的影响

王军文¹ 李建中² 范立础²
（1.石家庄铁道学院，河北石家庄 050043； 2.同济大学,上海 200092）

摘要：针对非规则梁桥在地震作用下伸缩缝处的碰撞现象，在建立考虑双边碰撞效应的简化动力分析模型的基础上，采用非线性地震反应时程分析方法，研究了纵向地震作用下非规则梁桥伸缩缝处的碰撞效应，并分析比较了双边碰撞与单边碰撞对桥梁结构位移的影响，研究结果对同类型的非规则梁桥的抗震设计具有一定的参考价值。
关键词：地震；非规则梁桥；单边碰撞；双边碰撞；地震反应
中图分类号：U442.5+5 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0054-06

Effect of pounding at expansion joints on seismic response of
irregular girder bridges

Wang Junwen^1,2 Li Jianzhong¹ Fan Lichu¹
（1. Shijiazhuang Railway Institute, Shijiazhuang 050043, China；2. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China）

Abstract:Based on the pounding phenomenon at expansion joints of irregular girder bridges during earthquakes, a simplified analytical model that considers the effects of two-sided collision was presented. With the time history analysis method of determining the nonlinear seismic responses, the pounding effects of adjacent girders at expansion joints on seismic responses of irregular girder bridges were studied, and the influences on two-sided and one-sided pounding on structural displacements were investigated. The results from the present study may serve as a reference base for seismic design of irregular girder bridges.
Keywords:earthquake; irregular girder bridge; two-sided pounding; one-sided pounding; seismic response
E-mail: wjunwen@sina.com

墩梁体系自振特性变化规律能量法分析

周建民 吴定俊 李 奇 高丕勤
(同济大学，上海 200092)

摘要：应用能量法原理推导了墩梁体系横向基频的计算公式，将公式计算的结果与有限元计算结果进行比较，验证了计算公式的正确性，然后根据横向基频的计算公式分析了墩体刚度、质量变化引起墩梁体系横向基频、振型变化的规律。所推导的公式和分析结果对定量计算墩梁体系横向基频，提高对墩梁体系动力性能的认识都具有重要作用。
关键词：墩梁体系；自振频率；能量法；频率折减系数
中图分类号：U441+.3 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0060-05

Variation of free vibration characteristic analysis for pier-beam system by energy method

Zhou Jianmin, Wu Dingjun, Li Qi, Gao Piqin
(Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract: In this paper, a formula for predicting the transverse fundamental frequency of a pier-beam system is derived using the energy method. The formula was validated by its predictions against those of the finite element method. Then using the derived formula, the variations in free vibration frequencies and modal shapes of the pier-beam system were analyzed by varying the stiffness and mass of the piers and the numerical results are presented. It was found that the derived formula and the numerical results of the transverse fundamental frequencies and modal shapes obtained have profound implications on further understanding of dynamic behavior of the pier-beam system.
Keywords: pier-beam system; free vibration frequency; energy method; frequency reduction factor
E-mail: zhouxindu@sohu.com

冻土断裂力学破坏准则及其在工程中的应用

李洪升 刘晓洲 刘增利
(大连理工大学, 辽宁大连 116024)

摘要：考虑冻土自身存在的各种缺陷及冻胀力的作用和影响，应用断裂力学理论与方法，研究冻土破坏的机理，建立了冻土断裂力学破坏准则。该准则适用于脆性破坏并在小范围屈服条件下的冻土。对于冻土地基临塑荷载的确定以及在较低负温下的地基基础的破坏问题，该准则也是适用的。通过实际冻土工程问题的应用表明，冻土断裂破坏准则符合冻土的实际和特点，是有效的。
关键词：冻土；断裂力学；破坏准则
中图分类号：P642.14 TU445 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X（2006）01-0065-06

Failure criteria of frozen soil based on fracture mechanics and its application in engineering

Li Hongsheng Liu Xiaozhou Liu Zengli
(Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024, China)

Abstract: Considering various kinds of deficiencies existing in material and frost heaving force effects, a failure criterion is established for frozen soil based on the fracture mechanics theory. The criterion is useful for frozen soil under small-scale yield condition, and it is also applicable for determination of the critical load and failure state of frozen ground foundations. Analysis of practical engineering samples shows that the criterion is reasonable and powerful. The criterion was applied to actual frozen soil projects and was found to be suitable for engineering practice.
Keywords:frozen soil; fracture mechanics; failure criterion
E-mail: hsli@dlut.edu.cn

青藏铁路通风路基三维温度场的数值分析

刘志强^1，2 赖远明² 张淑娟² 肖建章²
(1.兰州交通大学，甘肃兰州 730070； 2.中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所，甘肃
兰州 730000)

摘要：通过瞬态温度场的导热微分方程，采用伽辽金法推导出温度场的三维有限元公式，建立了通风路基温度场的三维计算模型。对青藏铁路在年平均气温为-4.3℃，地表年平均温度为-1℃的路段应用通风路基，预测未来50年气温上升2.6℃的情况下，对路基的三维温度场进行了数值计算，并和普通填土路基温度场进行了对比分析，为设计、施工部门提供理论参考。
关键词：青藏铁路；冻土；温度场；有限元
中图分类号：U213.1 TU445 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0070-05

Numerical analysis for the ventilated embankment in Qing-Tibet railway

Liu Zhiqiang^1,2 Lai Yuanming² Zhang Shujuan² Xiao Jianzhang²
(1.Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China;2. Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China)

Abstract: Using the Galerkin method, finite element equations are derived from the corresponding differential equations of three-dimensional temperature fields involving phase change, also a 3D computational model is created. The temperature distributions of the ventilated embankment are calculated under the case that the annual mean air temperature on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is -4.3℃, and it will go up by 2.6℃ during the next 50 years. The mean annual temperature at the ground surface is about -1℃. The results of the traditional embankment and the ventilated embankment are analyzed and compared. These results will improve our understanding of its temperature characteristics and the cooling effect of ventilated embankment under the condition of climatic warming, thus provide a theoretical basis for both engineering design and construction.
Keywords: Galerkin method; finite element equations; three-dimensional temperature fields; ventilated embankment; numerical analysis
E-mail: zq_liu_6@hotmail.com

高低阶覆盖函数混合的数值流形方法

邓安福 朱爱军 曾祥勇
（重庆大学，重庆 400045）

摘要：在数值流形方法中混合使用高、低阶覆盖函数可以使求解精度和求解效率之间得到协调。同时，高低阶覆盖函数混合使用也体现了数值流形方法本身的灵活性和对复杂问题的适应性。本文详细推导了混合使用高、低阶覆盖函数的流形单元的数值计算格式，有利于数值流形方法的程序实现和工程应用，并通过岩土工程中地基变形的计算证明了方法的可靠性和有效性。
关键词：数值流形方法；低阶覆盖函数；高阶覆盖函数
中图分类号：TU452 TB115 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0075-04

The numerical manifold method using low-order and high-order cover functions

Deng Anfu Zhu Aijun Zeng Xiangyong
（Chongqing University, Chongqing400045, China）

Abstract:In solving rock mechanics problems, one may find solutions with a balanced performance of high accuracy and computational efficiency by using low-order and high-order cover functions together with the numerical manifold method. Moreover, the use of combined cover functions has shown the flexibility and adaptability of numerical manifold method for solving complex problems. This paper presents the finite element stiffness formulations based on the manifold method using both the low-order and high-order cover functions. A numerical example on footing is given to show the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Keywords: numerical manifold method; low-order cover function; high-order cover function
E-mail: denganfu@163.com

基于双剪统一强度理论的条形地基承载力计算

王祥秋¹ 杨林德² 高文华³
（1.佛山科学技术学院, 广东佛山 528000； 2.同济大学，上海 200092；3.湖南科技大学，湖南湘潭 411201）

摘要：基于双剪统一强度理论和弹性理论的平面应变假设，对条形地基的承载力计算方法进行探讨。推导出了条形受荷地基承载力的计算公式，并对基于双剪统一强度准则与Mohr-Coulomb准则的地基承载力计算结果进行对比分析，研究成果对合理确定地基承载力具有重要的理论意义与实用价值。
关键词：条形基础；地基承载力；双剪统一强度理论；Mohr-Coulomb准则 中图分类号：TU452.2 TU491.1+ 2 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0079-04

Calculation of bearing capacity about the strip foundation based on the twin shear unified strength theory

Wang Xianqiu¹ Yang Linde² Gao Wenhua³
(1. Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; 2. Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
3. Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan 411201, China)

Abstract: Based on the twin shear unified strength theory and the plane-strain hypothesis in the theory of elasticity, a method for computing the bearing capacity of strip foundation is proposed. The equations given in the paper are intended for calculation of the bearing capacity of strip foundations, and the numerical results are compared against those based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion on the twin shear unified strength theory. The findings obtained in the present study have important theoretical implications and practical values for calculating the bearing capacity of sub-grade soils with reasonable accuracy.
Keywords:strip foundation; bearing capacity of sub-grade soils; the twin shear unified strength theory; Mohr-Coulomb criterion
E-mail: tongji_wxq@163.com

沉降控制复合桩基在桥头跳车问题中的应用

周 健 曾庆有 王 浩
（同济大学,上海200092）

摘要：首次将基于沉降的桩基设计方法应用到桥梁桩基的设计实践中。分别通过调整桩长和桩数，使桩基沉降从桥梁主跨往边跨逐步增大，而在路桥连接处使边跨桥墩沉降与桥坡填土沉降基本一致，实现路桥沉降协同，从而开辟了解决桥头跳车问题的新途径。按此设计而成的某桥梁，建成后对桥梁桩墩及桥坡沉降进行了长期监测，结果表明最初的设计意图得以实现。这次设计实践表明桩基基于沉降设计对于简支桥梁是完全可行的，并能同时减少桥坡处理、桩基工程以及后期维修费用，因而具有较大的推广应用价值。
关键词：基于沉降设计；桥梁桩基；桥头跳车
中图分类号：TU473.1 U443.1 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0083-04

Application of settlement based design methodology for pile-foundation in bump at the end of a bridge

Zhou Jian Zeng Qingyou Wang Hao
（Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China）

Abstract: For the first time, the pile-foundation of a bridge is designed based on settlement prediction method. By adjusting the length and number of piles, the settlement of the pile-foundation is increased from bridge main span to side spans, and at the end of bridge, equal to the settlement of the embankment. The settlement of the bridge is devised to be compatible with the embankment without special treatment, as a new approach to solving the bump problem at the end of a bridge. The bridge s settlement is monitored for nearly two years after construction, and the results indicate that the primary design intent has been realized. This design practice demonstrates that settlement-based design methodology for pile-foundation is feasible for simply supported beam bridges. The expenditures on soil treatment, pile-foundation construction and maintenance could thus be reduced.
Keywords:settlement based design; pile-foundation of bridge; bump at the end of a bridge
E-mail: zhouxindu@mail.tongji.edu.cn

一种改进的Pasternak地基模型及层合地基板的解析解

盛宏玉¹ 高荣誉²
（1.合肥工业大学，安徽合肥230009；2. 安徽建筑工业学院，安徽合肥230022)

摘要：从三维弹性力学基本方程出发，建立了正交异性材料层合板的状态方程，并提出一种改进的Pasternak弹性地基模型，给出了四边简支层合地基板的解析解。此解满足层合板的基本方程和层间连续条件，适合任意厚跨比，计及了所有材料常数，考虑了基底切向接触应力的影响。算例讨论了地基参数对几种地基模型的影响。计算结果表明，随着地基刚度的增大，剪应力的影响是不可忽略的。
关键词：改进的Pasternak地基模型；层合板；状态方程；解析解
中图分类号：TU 431 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0087-06

A modified model of Pasternak foundation and analytical solution for laminated plate on the elastic foundation

Sheng Hongyu¹ Gao Rongyu²
(1. Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China；
2. Anhui Institute of Architecture,Hefei 230022, China)

Abstract: Based on three dimensional fundamental equations of elasticity, state equation for orthotropic laminated plate is established. By presenting a modified model of Pasternak elastic foundation, an analytical solution for laminated plate on the elastic foundation with four simply supported edges is presented. The solution given, which satisfies fundamental equations and inter-laminar continuity conditions of the laminates, is suitable to any thickness-span ratios. All material constants and shear stresses in contact with foundation are taken into account in the formulas. Effects of foundation parameters on some foundation models are discussed in numerical examples. The results illustrate that the effects of shear stresses are not negligible as the stiffness of the foundation increases.
Keywords: modified model of Pasternak foundation; laminated plate; state equation; analytical solution
E-mail: hysheng01@sina.com

循环荷载作用下饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型

李 涛¹ H.Meissner²
（1.北京交通大学，北京100044； 2.德国凯泽斯劳滕工业大学）

摘要：基于作者新近提出的一种混合塑性硬化准则和临界状态土力学理论建立了一个三维形式表述的适于饱和黏性土的弹塑性双面模型，此硬化准则是著名的Masing方法在三维应力空间中的推广。该模型的二维形式已采用饱和黏性土样室内动态三轴不排水剪切试验的结果进行了验证并已在另文发表。本文所建的三维弹塑性动本构模型与一个半经验的孔隙水压力增长模式相结合，通过有限元程序ABAQUS*对一个循环荷载作用下的条形基础下部地基土层内的位移、应力分布和超孔隙水压力随时间的变化进行了分析，计算结果表明模型预测的地基土的力学响应是符合实际的。
关键词：弹塑性；本构模型；循环加载；黏性土；有限元分析
中图分类号：TU441+.3 TU442 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X（2006）01-0092-06

Elastoplastic two-surface model for clays under undrained cyclic loading

Li Tao¹ H.Meissner²
(1.Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
2.Kaiserslautern University of Technology, Germany)

Abstract: Within the framework of critical state soil mechanics, a three-dimensional (3D) two-surface plasticity model for saturated cohesive soils is herein developed based on a mixed hardening rule, which is a multi-axial generalization of the well-known Masing�餾 concept. The two-dimensional formulation of this model has been verified with respect to the triaxial test results of clay samples under undrained cyclic loads (reported in a separate paper). The developed 3D plasticity model together with a semi-empirical method for computing excess pore water pressure is implemented into a finite element program ABAQUS. This program is used to analyze displacements, stress distributions and pore water pressure distribution in a clay layer subjected to the surface loading of a strip footing. It is seen that the predicted response of the clay layer subjected to the specified loads by the finite element model shows a reasonable degree of accuracy.
Keywords: elastoplasticity; constitutive model; cyclic loading;clays; finite element method
E-mail: taoli@center.njtu.edu.cn

膨胀砂岩的抗剪强度与含水量的关系

王 军¹ 何 淼¹ 汪中卫²
（1. 江苏省交通科学研究院，江苏南京 210017； 2. 南京工业大学，江苏南京 210009）

摘要：针对南京红山窑水利枢纽工程中的红砂岩圆柱体试样，采用RMT-150B多功能刚性岩石伺服试验机，通过常规直接剪切试验的方法对不同含水量状态下的红砂岩圆柱体试样进行室内试验研究。通过对试验结果的线性回归分析得到膨胀岩的凝聚力c和内摩擦角φ与含水量w之间良好的对数关系，lgc和lgφ与含水量w之间呈线性相关，结合摩尔-库仑准则可以分析某些特定地区膨胀岩的抗剪强度与含水量的关系，这对工程设计、工程安全监测都具有非常重要的实际意义，可以为实际工程提供参考。
关键词：膨胀岩；抗剪强度；含水量；直剪试验；凝聚力；内摩擦角
中图分类号：TU458+.3 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0098-05

Relationship between the shear strength and water content of swelling sandstones

Wang Jun¹ He Miao¹ Wang Zhongwei²
(1.Jiangsu Transportation Research Institute, Nanjing 210017, China;
2. Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China)

Abstract: Laboratory shear test study is conducted on cylinder specimens of red sandstone of different water contents by making use of a RMT-150B multifunctional rigidity rock servo testing machine. The specimens are provided by the Nanjing Hongshanyao hydro-junction project. Through linear regression analysis of the test results, it is found that there exist logarithmic relationships between cohesion c, internal friction angle φ and water content w(linear between lgc, lgφand water content w). By applying the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, the relationship between shear strength and water content can be analyzed.
Keyword:swelling rock; shear strength; water content; direct shear test; cohesion; internal friction angle
E-mail: wangjun209@sina.com

建筑施工项目信息化管理系统框架

马智亮¹ 秦 亮¹ 任 强²
(1.清华大学,北京 100084； 2.中建一局，北京 100073)

摘要：通过文献阅读和实地调研，建立了一个综合的施工项目信息化管理系统框架。该框架不仅包含信息技术的应用，而且考虑了现有的项目管理模式和施工项目管理的各个方面。框架可用于指导施工项目信息化管理系统的开发，或评估已有的信息化管理系统，以便于系统能广泛的应用于施工项目管理之中，适应施工项目管理方式的变化。
关键词：框架；管理模式；项目管理；信息化管理系统
中国分类号：TU71 TU741.3 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0103-06

A framework of information management system for construction projects

Ma Zhiliang¹ Qin Liang¹ Ren Qiang²
(1. Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
2. China Construction First Division Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100073, China)

Abstract:The framework of a comprehensive information management system for construction projects has been established through extensive literature survey and field investigations. It utilizes the potential information technologies and covers the practical management patterns as well as the major aspects of construction project management. The framework can be used to guide and evaluate the design of prototype information management systems for construction projects. Besides, the system so designed should be applicable to a wide range of construction projects, and is adaptable to updates in project management.
Keywords:framework; management patterns; project management; information management system
E-mail: mazl@tsinghua.edu.cn

中国工程建设标准化理念战略输出浅探

王 超
（北京交通大学,北京100044）

摘要：我国加入WTO后，建设领域的各种国际化交流与合作日渐增多。我国在工程建设标准的建设和管理上，已形成一套比较完整的体系，有着广泛的适应性和代表性。本文针对工程建设标准化工作涉及服务贸易和实物贸易两大领域的特殊性，通过探讨我国工程建设标准化理念向国外整体输出特别是向发展中国家输出的可能性，分析、提出工程建设标准化理念战略输出的具体措施和方案。
关键词：工程建设标准；世界贸易组织；建设领域；战略；输出
中图分类号：TU203 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X(2006)01-0108-04

Research on strategic export about ideology of engineering construction standards

Wang Chao
(Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)

Abstract: Ever since China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO), there is an obvious increase in activities in international information exchanges and collaborations in conjunction with the economic development in construction industry. For a long period of time, China has established a comprehensive system of standards in engineering construction and project management. Based on the special characteristics of engineering construction standards, this paper attempts to explore the possibility to export China�餾 ideology in engineering construction standards, especially to developing countries. This paper also presents an analysis and strategy on the ideas of exporting such standards.
Keywords: engineering construction standards; World Trade Organization (WTO); construction industry; strategy; export
E-mail: wangchao@mail.cin.gov.cn

区域公路网布局规划方案的连通度评价指标研究

秦 霞 顾政华 李旭宏
（东南大学，江苏南京 210096）

摘要：分析了区域公路网的典型布局形式，回顾了现有的公路网连通度评价指标，指出其存在的局限性。在此基础上提出了路网加权模糊连通度的定义和计算方法，有效体现了区域公路网布局规划方案评价中存在的节点重要度的差异性和线路连通度的模糊性。最后用一个简单算例进行了验证。
关键词：公路网；布局形式；路网加权；连通度
中图分类号：U491.1+2 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X（2006）01-0112-05

Research on evaluative index of connectivity for regional road network layout planning project

Qin Xia Gu Zhenghua Li Xuhong
（Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China）

Abstract: After analyzing the representative layout shape of regional road network, the existing indexes for evaluation of highway network connectivity are reviewed, and the deficiency of its application in the connectivity of layout structure for regional freeway network is identified. Based on this, discussion is made on the definition and computation method of network power fuzzy connectivity. Then, the difference in point importance degree and fuzzy of line connectivity is effectively embodied. At the end, a simple calculation example is presented.
Keywords:road network; layout shape; network power; connectivity
E-mail:qinxia@seu.edu.cn

城市高架道路下匝道车流插入机制的Markov链模型

吴晓层^1，2 范炳全²
(1.广西大学,广西南宁 530004； 2.上海理工大学，上海 200093)

摘要：通过分析城市高架道路下匝道车流与地面车流相互影响的规律，引入随机动态系统，建立了时间齐次的Markov链模型，能对各车道的车辆“顺畅驶入”、“以某概率驶入”、“减速停车等待”作实时预报，揭示了地面车流与下匝道车流相互影响的机制。
关键词：下匝道；Markov链；转移矩阵；交通流诱导；仿真
中图分类号：U491.2+32 U491.1+12 文献标识码：A
文章编号：1000-131X（2006）01-0117-05

A Markov chain model for traffic flow on off-ramp of city freeway

Wu Xiaoceng^1,2 Fan Bingquan²
(1.Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
2. University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China)

Abstract: According to the characteristics of traffic flow on off-ramp of city freeway and on the land paths, a dynamic stochastic system is introduced in this paper. In addition, a Markov chain model is proposed. In this model, an approach is given for real-time prediction of the traffic flow on off-ramp of the city freeway.
Keywords:off-ramp; Markov chain; transition matrix; traffic flow guidance; simulation
E-mail: xceng05@gxu.edu.cn